Post on 07-Aug-2018
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Hnbdethfns prfbfnlds ï`j gjhn dt ju pfhindt
@ds dspjeds ld lhbbushfnEcrhsthjn Lugfnthdr, Edntrd ld `j Gjhn, Iujld`fupd
Utdbjnhj Arundtth, Dtulhjntd LHT 1?:5-1?:4
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@ds hnbdethfns prfbfnlds ld `j gjhn
Jssdz rjrds GJHUpftdnthd``dgdnt irjvds( sèqud``ds bfnethfnnd``ds,jgputjthfn, lèeãs,…)
9% ld lèeãs sur hnbdethfns ld`j gjhn jvjnt `ds jnthahfthquds
4-:4% lds hnbdethfns ld `j gjhn(Mdasfn :883), musqu‘ï 99%
GeKhg @C. Hnbdethfns fb tcd Cjnl . Ejn Gdl Jssfe M. :813 Mjn;:3(:)=:9-11.
\ðrkdr \, Cjnl hnbdethfns= j rdtrfspdethvd jnj`yshs. _ddrM. 1?:< Udp 1;1=d4:5.Dvidnhfu D:, Hydr U. _yfidnhe b`dxfr tdnfsynfvhths `djlhni tf jn jgputjthfn. AGM Ejsd Qdp. 1?:1 Jui 1
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_fur ahdn prdnlrd dn ecjrid und
hnbdethfn prfbfnld ld `j gjhn
Efnnjhssjneds lds prhnehpds iènèrjux
Efnnjhssjned lu pjthdnt dt ld sds ef-gfrahlhtès
EFNNJHUUJNED LD @‘JNJ\FGHD LDUDU_JEDU JNJ\FGHZTDU +++
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@‘èef`d ld Echejif jvde `ds Lrs.J`jn Kjnjvd`, Uugndr Kfec,
Ghecjd` Gjsfn, dt Cjrvdy J``dnsfnt lds bfnljtdurs ld `j
echrurihd ld `j gjhn gfldrnd dt`durs trjvjux sur `ds hnbdethfns
ld `j gjhn rdstdnt und rèbèrdned
Kjnjvd` J``dn A. Jn jnjtfghej`, dxpdrhgdntj`, jnl e`hnhej` stuly fb jeutd pc`digfns fb tcd cjnl Z Au`` Nfrtcwdst Tnhv GdlUec. :8?2 Gjrec; 9(
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Ljns edt fuvrjid,dn pjrthd lhspfnha`d sur iffi`d,Kjnjvd` lèerht `ds
dspjeds ldlhbbushfn lds
hnbdethfns ï `j gjhn
dt ju pfhindt, dtefggdnt `dslrjhndr
dbejedgdnt
Qjrds
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Dspjeds jnjtfghquds
_rfbfnls, ahdn
lè`hghtès
5 dspjeds ï `j gjhn=\cdnjr, gdlhf-pj`gjhrddt cypftcdnjr
: dspjed ï `‘jvjnt-arjs(dspjed ld _jrfnj)
Ijhnds u`njhrd dt rjlhj`d(dt lhihtj`ds)
Uupdrehd`s, gj`
`hghtès
Lfrsj` (sus fu sfus-jpfnèvrfthqud)
Hntdrlhihtj` fu
efgghssurj`
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Hnbdethfns ld `‘dspjed
lfrsj`(supdrehd`, gj` `hghtè)
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Lfs ld `j gjhn
Ldux dspjeds= sus dt sfus `dstdnlfns
]fnd ld lhbbushfn sjns afrlurds fdlãgd lhbbus, i`faj`, pjrbfhs
pdu/pjs ld pus gjhs irfslèef``dgdnt
Lhbeh`d ï lhbbèrdnehdr l‘unded``u`htd (pfnethfn, èecf,…)
Lrjhnjid lhbeh`d / brustrjnt
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Lfs ld `j gjhn
Dxehshfn ld `j pfrtdl‘dntrèd
_fur s‘jirjnlhr= Lduxhnehshfns afrl rjlhj` ld`‘hnldx dt 4ãgd gètj(nd pjs dxpfsdr `dstdnlfns)
_js ld `jgd (dntrdthdn`‘hnbdethfn)
J èvhtdr !
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10/52Hnbdethfn supdrehd``d lfs ld `j gjhn (afutfn irjttè)
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Hnbdethfn prfbfnld lu lfs ld`j gjhn (efggdnt s‘jirjnlhr)
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Hnbdethfns lds dspjedshntdrlhihtjux
(Uupdrehd`, gj` `hghtè)
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Efgghssurds
Jnjtfghd efgp`dxd,erfhsdgdnt ldspèlheu`ds, lds`fgarhejux dt ldsstrueturds ardusds
Dn jvjnt= ̀ hijgdntnjtjtfhrd (lhstj`) dt`hijgdnt pj`gjhrdtrjnsvdrsd (prfxhgj`)
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@hijgdnt pj`gjhrdtrjnsvdrsd (Ukffi)
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@hijgdnt njtjtfhrd
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Efgghssurds
Hnbdethfn hnhthj`d pj`gjhrdlhbbusd vdrs `d lfs ld `jefgghssurd (gfhns lde`fhsfnndgdnt)
Jspdet dn afutfn ldgjnecdttd (ef``jr-auttfn)
Jaluethfn lds lfhits +++(! hnbdethfn lfrsj`d sjnsjaluethfn lds lfhits)
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\rjhtdgdnt
Gdttrd ï p`jt `ds ldux
eftès ld `j efgghssurd+++
Ldux hnehshfns
Jttdnthfn jux pèlheu`ds(jrtãrd)
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Hnbdethfns prfbfnlds=
`ds ijhnds lhihtj`ds dtlhihtf-ejrphdnnds
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Jnjtfghd
@j ijhnd dst efnsthtuèd ld lduxefuecds ju sdhn ldsqud``dsehreu`dnt `ds tdnlfns
Gdgarjndusd= tuad synfvhj`e`fs ï sds ldux dxtrèghtès -ldux efuecds synfvhj`ds(vhseèrj`d dt pjrhètj`d)
Qètheu`jhrd= `ds pfu`hds
Lfy`d MQ. Jnjtfgy fb tcd fidxfr tdnlfn scdjtc jnl pu``dy systdg. M Cjnl Uuri :833;:5J=
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Jnjtfghd
Lu ef` lds gètjejrphdns junhvdju ld `‘H_L sur hnldx,gjmdur, jnnu`jhrd
_jssd dn jvjnt ldsstrueturds fssdusds (_: dt_1), p`jquds pj`gjhrds (G_,H__, H_L) dt `hijgdntpj`gjhrd prfbfnl
Afrl prfxhgj` dt lhstj` ld `j ijhnd ju ef` ldsgètjejrphdns dt ï `‘H_L (!). BL_, (prfbfnl) BLU
(supdrehd`), __ (p`jqud pj`gjhrd)
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Jnjtfghd lds ijhnds lhihtf-ejrphdnnds
Nfgardusds vjrhjthfns
_drsfnnd n‘dst l‘jeefrl
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Jnjtfghd lds ijhnds lhihtf-ejrphdnnds
@j ijhnd rjlhj`defggunhqud\FTMFTQU jvde `jijhnd lu B_@
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Jnjtfghd lds ijhnds lhihtf-ejrphdnnds
@j ijhnd lu R efggunhqud ljns3?% lds ejs jvde `j afursd u`njhrd
lu ejnj` ejrphdn quh efnthdnt `dsfièechssdurs
GJHU
@ds hnbdethfns ld `j ijhnd lu Rnd s‘ètdnldnt qud rjrdgdnt juejnj` ejrphdn
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Jnjtfghd lds ijhnds lhihtf-ejrphdnnds
Efggunhejthfn ljns 3?% lds ejs(Ijrlndr), 4?% (_fhrhdr dtQdsnhek ), 9: % (Uecd`lrup)
5?% lds ejs pfur _ch``hps=
efnsèqudned, fn nd lrjhnd qu‘julfhit +++
_ch``hps EU dt j`. \cd fidxfr synfvhj` scdjtc jnjtfgy fb tcd `htt`d nidr= j gjerfsefphe stuly. M Cjnl Uuri :884;1?J=252-2
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4?% lds ijhnds lu Rs‘jrrítdnt ju nhvdjulu `hijgdnt pj`gjhrdtrjnsvdrsd
5?% sd efnthnudntjvde `j afursd u`njhrd
1?% s‘jrrítdnt ï `jpfu`hd J:
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Ijhnds lhihtf-ejrphdnnds= jutrds vjrhjthfns
Efggunhejthfn dntrd `j ijhndu`njhrd (529 ejs)
Hnldx 4,:%Gjmdur
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Ju pfhindt ijhnd u`njhrd dt rjlhj`defggunhqudnt ljns 4?% ï 3?% lds ejs
JET\D EJQ_J@ \TNND@ UXNLQFGD UDEFNLJQX \F _XFIDNHE \DNFUXNFRH\HUI. NFTQHUUJ\, D. BFTQNHDQ, M. Q. YDQ\CDQ, E. LTGFN\HDQ jnl @. LFTQUFTNHJN.
Mfurnj` fb Cjnl Uuridry (Arhthsc jnl Durfpdjn Rf`ugd, 1??2) 5:A= 2= 239―233
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HGJIDQHD l‘TN _C@DIGFN Ï AJUET@D
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Dspjeds prfbfnls ld `jgjhn
\cdnjr (`d +brèqudggdnt jttdhnt)
Gèlhf-pj`gjhrd
Cypftcdnjr
@ds hnbdethfns bfnt suhtd ï lds p`jhds, pjrbfhs ï und lhbbushfn `fej`d,rjrdgdnt cègjtfiãnds
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_rèsdntjthfn e`hnhqud
efggund
Fdlãgd lfrsj` +++ (pjs l‘dxpjnshfnpj`gjhrd pfssha`d) sjub dspjed cypftcdnjr
D\
Fdlãgd pj`gjhrd dt lfu`durspj`gjhrds
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Hnldx scdjtc-pj`gjr bjsehj
Jlluetfr bjsehj
Ghlpj`gjrsdptug
Bjsehj/Jll Jpfndurfshs jt _:
_rfxhgj`= `d ejnj` ejrphdn
Lhstj`= bjsehj trjnsvdrsd prfbfnl(Ukffi)
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Hnbdethfn ld `‘dspjed tcènjrhdn
@j p`us brèqudntd
_`jhd `fej`d fu dxpjnshfnl‘un pc`digfn lu pfued,
hnldx fu gjmdur
Ifnfidgdnt hgpfrtjnt dtlfu`furdux
_fued dn jaluethfn« hrrèluetha`d » +++
_jrbfhs hnldx dn fidxhfn
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Hnbdethfn ld `‘dspjed
tcènjrhdn
Dvf`uthfn vdrs `j bjed lfrsj`d pjrldstruethfn lu bjsehj ld `‘jlluetdur dtpjssjid lu pus dntrd `ds ecdbs lu :dr HFL
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Zud`qudsdxdgp`dsl‘jaeãs
tcènjrhdn
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\rjhtdgdnt
_js l‘hnehshfn ljns `‘jxd
ld `j efgghssurd(rètrjethfn)
Ldux hnehshfns sfuvdnt
Ahdn dbbfnlrdr musqu‘ïgh-pjugd +++
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@hghtds jnjtfghquds ld `‘dspjedgèlhf-pj`gjhrd
_rfxhgj`= `d ejnj`ejrphdn
Lhstj`= bjsehjtrjnsvdrsd prfbfnl
(Ukffi)
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Lfrsj`= Bjsehj lds 1ãgd dt
5ãgd hntdrfssduxpj`gjhrds dt pèrhfstd lds5,< dt 4ãgd gètjejrphdns
_j`gjhrd= ijhnd lds
fièechssdurs 5,< 4 dt bjsehjpj`gjhrd
Qjlhj`= Udptug fa`hqud
T`njhrd= Udptug cypftcdnjrdntrd `d bjsehj pj`gjhrd dt`d 4ãgd gètj
B`ynn, :8
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Hnbdethfn ld `‘dspjed
gèlhf-pj`gjhrd _`us rjrd= sfht p`jhd pènètrjntd
sfht èvf`uthfn l‘un pc`digfnlu HR/R
_jugd tdnlud, lfu`furdusd
_drtd ld `j efnejvhtè pj`gjhrd
_fshthfn dn fidxhfn lds HHH dt HR«
rèluetha`d
»
Fdlãgd lfrsj`
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\rjhtdgdnt
Lrjhnjid echrurihej`(lhbeh`d ejr `ds thssusef``dnt dt `j rèihfn dst« rhecd »)
_`ushdurs hnehshfnspfssha`ds (ahdn vfhr)
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Hnbdethfn ld `‘dspjed
cypftcdnjr \rãs rjrd, suhtd ld
p`jhds _js l‘dxpjnshfnpfssha`d
Lfu`dur dt ifnfidgdnt`fej`hsè (pjs lfrsj`)
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Lhseusshfn= `d bjgdux sdptug gdlhf-pj`gjhrd dxhstd t‘h` 6
Nfn 6 ldux dspjeds hnbdethdux dn prjthqud gjhs pjs ld vrjhdsèpjrjthfn
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Dspjed ld _jrfnj (Brjnedsef _jrfnj, :392)
Lhstj`= `d ejnj` ejrphdn
_rfxhgj`= `ds guse`dsfièechssdurs supdrehd`s
Lfrsj`= _rfnjtfrqujlrjtus dt gdgarjndhntdrfssdusd
_j`gjhrd= ̀ ds fièechssdurs
34% lds
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34% ldspjthdnts=efggunhejthfn
dntrd `dsafursds rjlhj`ddt u`njhrd, dtjvde `‘dspjed
gèlhf- j`gjhrd
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Hnbdethfn ld `‘dspjed ld _jrfnj
J pjrthr lu pfued = 9 ejs
J pjrthr ld `j ijhnd u`njhrd= : ejs
J pjrthr ld `‘dspjed gèlhf-pj`gjhrd= : ejs
1 hntdrvdnthfns dn gfydnnd (:-4)
Ucjrgj KU. Upjed fb _jrfnj hnbdethfns. M_QJU 1?:5;22=823-891
D è l
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Dn pfstfpèrjtfhrd dt ljns
tfus `ds ejs _jnsdgdnts rèpètès
Gfah`hsjthfn prèefed (ljns und ajsshnd jvde ld`j aètjlhnd lh`uèd pjr dxdgp`d)
Hggfah`hsjthfn dt surèvj`ujthfn dntrd `ds
sèjnedsJnthahftcèrjphd jljptèd (prè`ãvdgdnts +++)