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Industrial waste
Industrial waste is a type of wasteproduced by industrial activity, such as that offactories,millsand mines. It has existed since the outset of the industrial revolution.
Much industrial waste is neitherhazardous nortoxic, such as waste fiberproduced by
agriculture and logging.
Toxic wasteand chemical wasteare two designations of industrial waste.
Sewage treatment can be used to clean water tainted with industrial waste.
Waste types
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia(Redirected from Waste type)
Jump to: navigation,search Animal by-products
Biodegradable waste
Biomedical waste
Bulky waste
Business waste
Clinical waste
Coffee wastewater
Commercial waste
Construction and demolition waste (C&D waste) Controlled waste
Composite waste
Domestic waste
Electronic waste (E-waste)
Farm waste
Food waste
Green waste
Grey water
Hazardous waste
Household waste
Human waste
Industrial waste
Inert waste
Kitchen waste
Litter
Liquid waste- any waste in the liquid state of matter
Medical waste
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Mixed waste
Municipal solid waste
Packaging waste
Post-consumer waste
Radioactive waste (nuclear waste)
o Low level wasteo High level waste
o Spent nuclear fuel
o Mixed waste (radioactive/hazardous)
Recyclable waste
Residual waste
Sewage
Sharps waste
Slaughterhouse waste
Special waste - see hazardous waste
Toxic waste
Uncontrolled waste Waste heat
Wastewater
Winery wastewater
Industry
An industry (from Latinindustrius, "diligent, industrious") is the manufacturingof a
good orservice within a category.[1] Although industry is a broad term for any kind of
economic production, in economicsandurban planning industry is a synonym for thesecondary sector, which is a type of economic activity involved in the manufacturingof
raw materials into goods and products.[1]
There are four key industrial economic sectors: theprimary sector, largely raw materialextraction industries such asmining and farming; the secondary sector, involving
refining, construction, and manufacturing; the tertiary sector, which deals with services
(such as law and medicine) and distribution of manufactured goods; and the quaternarysector, a relatively new type of knowledge industry focusing on technological research,
design and development such as computer programming, and biochemistry. A fifth
quinary sectorhas been proposed encompassing nonprofit activities. The economy is also
broadly separated intopublic sectorandprivate sector, with industry generallycategorized as private.
Industry in the sense of manufacturing became a key sector of production in European
andNorth American countries during the Industrial Revolution, which upset previous
mercantile and feudal economies through many successive rapid advances in technology,such as the steel and coal production. It is aided by technological advances, and has
continued to develop into new types and sectors to this day. Industrial countries then
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assumed a capitalist economic policy.Railroads and steam-powered ships began speedily
establishing links with previously unreachable world markets, enabling private
companiesto develop to then-unheard of size and wealth. Following the IndustrialRevolution, perhaps a third of the world's economic output is derived from manufacturing
industriesmore than agriculture's share.
Many developed countries (for example the UK, the U.S., and Canada) and many
developing/semi-developed countries (People's Republic of China, India etc.) dependsignificantly on industry. Industries, the countries they reside in, and the economies of
those countries are interlinked in a complex web of interdependence.
Proto-industry
Main article:Proto-industrialisation
Early industries involved manufacturing goods for trade, including weapons, clothing,
pottery. In medieval Europe, industry became dominated by the guilds in cities and
towns, who mutual support for the member's interests, and maintained standards ofworkmanship and ethical conduct.
[edit] Industrial development
Main article:Industrialisation
The industrial revolutionled to the development of factories for large-scale production,with consequent changes in society. Originally the factories were steam-powered, but
later transitioned to electricity once an electrical grid was developed. The mechanized
assembly line was introduced to assemble parts in a repeatable fashion, with individualworkers performing specific steps during the process. This led to significant increases in
efficiency, lowering the cost of the end process. Laterautomation was increasingly used
to replace human operators. This process has accelerated with the development of the
computerand the robot.
[edit] Declining industries
Main article:Deindustrialisation
Historically certain manufacturing industries have gone into a decline due to various
economic factors, including the development of replacement technology or the loss ofcompetitive advantage. An example of the former is the decline incarriage
manufacturing when the automobile was mass-produced.
A recent trend has been the migration of prosperous, industrialized nations toward apost-
industrial society. This is manifested by an increase in the service sectorat the expense ofmanufacturing, and the development of an information-based economy, the so-called
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informational revolution. In a post-industrial society, manufacturing is relocated to more
economically-favorable locations through a process ofoffshoring.
[edit] Industrial technology
Main article:Industrial technology
There are several branches oftechnology and engineering specialised for industrial
application. This includes mathematical models, patentedinventions and craft skills. See
automation, industrial architecture, industrial design,industrial process, industrial artsand industrial applicability.
[edit] Industry and society
Main article:Industrial society
An industrial society can be defined in many ways. Today, industry is an important part
of most societies and nations. A government must have some kind ofindustrial policy,regulating industrial placement,industrial pollution, financingandindustrial labor.
[edit] Industrial labor
Main article:Industrial labor
Further information: industrial sociology, industrial and organizationalpsychology, industrial district, andindustrial park
In an industrial society, industry employs a major part of the population. This occurs
typically in the manufacturing sector. A labor union is an organization of workers whohave banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and
working conditions, forming a cartel of labor. The trade union, through its leadership,bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rankand file members) and
negotiates labor contracts with employers. This movement first rose among industrialworkers.
[edit] Industry and war
Main article:Industrial warfare
The industrial revolution changed warfare, with mass-produced weaponry and supplies,machine-powered transportation,mobilization, the total warconcept and weapons of
mass destruction. Early instances ofindustrial warfarewere the Crimean Warand the
American Civil War, but its full potential showed during the world wars. See alsomilitary-industrial complex, arms industry,military industry and modern warfare.
[edit] Industry and the environment
Further information:Pollution andIndustrial ecology
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warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military-industrial_complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industry&action=edit§ion=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_ecology7/30/2019 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[edit] Organization, management and economics
Main article:Industrial organization
Further information:Industrial loan company
[edit] Economic views of industry
Philosophers and economists have developed many different views of industry. Seephysiocrats, Adam Smith, capitalism, Marxismand Colin Clark's Sector model.
[edit] Industry sectors and classification
Main article:Industrial sector
There are many other different kinds of industries, and they are usually divided intodifferent classes or sectors. Theprimary sector of industry isagriculture,mining and raw
material extraction. The secondary sector of industry ismanufacturing - which is what is
colloquially meant by the word "industry". The tertiary sector of industry is service
production. Sometimes one talks about a quaternary sector of industry, consisting ofintellectual services such as R&D.
light industry - heavy industry
labor-intensive industry - capital-intensive industry
By product: chemical industry,petroleum industry, meatpacking industry,
hospitality industry, food industry,fish industry, software industry,paper
industry,entertainment industry, semiconductor industry, cultural industry,
poverty industry
ISIC
ISIC(rev.4) stands forInternational Standard Industrial Classification of ALL economic
activities, the most complete and systematic industrial classification made by United
Nations Statistics Division. ISIC Rev.4 is a standard classification of economic activities
arranged so that entities can be classified according to the activity they carry out. Thecategories of ISIC at the most detailed level (classes) are delineated according to what is,
in most countries, the customary combination of activities described in statistical units
and considers the relative importance of the activities included in these classes. WhileISIC Rev.4 continues to use criteria such as input, output and use of the products
produced, more emphasis has been given to the character of the production process in
defining and delineating ISIC classes.
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when
major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, production, and transportation had a
profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain. The changes
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subsequently spread throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. The
onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human society; almost
every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way.
In the later part of the 1700s there occurred a transition in parts ofGreat Britain's
previously manual-labour-based economy towards machine-based manufacturing. Itstarted with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of iron-making
techniques and the increased use of refined coal. Trade expansion was enabled by theintroduction ofcanals, improved roads and railways. The introduction ofsteam power
fuelled primarily by coal, wider utilization ofwater wheels and powered machinery
(mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases in productioncapacity.[2] The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the
19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing
in other industries. The effects spread throughout Western Europe andNorth Americaduring the 19th century, eventually affecting most of the world. The impact of this
change on society was enormous.[3]
The First Industrial Revolution, which began in the 18th century, merged into theSecond
Industrial Revolutionaround 1850, when technological and economic progress gainedmomentum with the development of steam-powered ships, railways, and later in the 19th
century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generation.
The period of time covered by the Industrial Revolution varies with different historians.
Eric Hobsbawm held that it 'broke out' in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830sor 1840s,[4] while T. S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830.[5]
Some twentieth century historians such asJohn Clapham andNicholas Crafts have
argued that the process of economic and social change took place gradually and the term
revolutionis not a true description of what took place. This is still a subject of debateamongst historians.[6][7]
GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of
the modern capitalist economy.[8] The Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capitaeconomic growth in capitalist economies.[9] Historians agree that the Industrial
Revolution was one of the most important events in history.[10] The most significant
inventions had their origins in the Western world, primarily Europe and the UnitedStates.[11]
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Contents
[hide]
1 Name history
2 Causes
o 2.1 Causes for occurrence in Europeo 2.2 Causes for occurrence in Britain
2.2.1 Protestant work ethic
3 Innovations
o 3.1 Transfer of knowledge
o 3.2 Technological developments in Britain
3.2.1 Textile manufacture 3.2.2 Metallurgy
3.2.3 Mining
3.2.4 Steam power 3.2.5 Chemicals
3.2.6 Machine tools 3.2.7 Gas lighting
3.2.8 Glass making 3.2.9 Effects on agriculture
o 3.3 Transport in Britain
3.3.1 Coastal sail 3.3.2 Navigable rivers
3.3.3 Canals
3.3.4 Roads 3.3.5 Railways
4 Social effects
o 4.1 Factories and urbanisationo 4.2 Child labour
o 4.3 Housing
o 4.4 Luddites
o 4.5 Organisation of labour
o 4.6 Other effects
5 Continental Europe
o 5.1 Wallonia, Belgium
5.1.1 Demographic effects
5.1.2 Political and social Effects
o 5.2 France
6 United States 7 Japan
8 Second Industrial Revolutions and later evolution
9 Intellectual paradigms and criticism
o 9.1 Capitalism
o 9.2 Marxism
o 9.3 Romanticism
10 See also
http://toggletoc%28%29/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Name_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Causeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Causes_for_occurrence_in_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Causes_for_occurrence_in_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Protestant_work_ethichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Innovationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Transfer_of_knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Technological_developments_in_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Textile_manufacturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Metallurgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Mininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Steam_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Machine_toolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Gas_lightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Glass_makinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Effects_on_agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Transport_in_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Coastal_sailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Navigable_rivershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Canalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Roadshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Social_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Factories_and_urbanisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Child_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Housinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Ludditeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Organisation_of_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Other_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Continental_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Wallonia.2C_Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Demographic_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Political_and_social_Effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Second_Industrial_Revolutions_and_later_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Intellectual_paradigms_and_criticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Capitalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Marxismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Romanticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#See_alsohttp://toggletoc%28%29/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Name_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Causeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Causes_for_occurrence_in_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Causes_for_occurrence_in_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Protestant_work_ethichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Innovationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Transfer_of_knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Technological_developments_in_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Textile_manufacturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Metallurgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Mininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Steam_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Machine_toolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Gas_lightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Glass_makinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Effects_on_agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Transport_in_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Coastal_sailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Navigable_rivershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Canalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Roadshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Social_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Factories_and_urbanisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Child_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Housinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Ludditeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Organisation_of_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Other_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Continental_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Wallonia.2C_Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Demographic_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Political_and_social_Effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Second_Industrial_Revolutions_and_later_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Intellectual_paradigms_and_criticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Capitalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Marxismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Romanticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Note_and_referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#Sources_and_further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#External_links7/30/2019 Industrial Waste Part-1
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Name history
The termIndustrial Revolution applied to technological change was common in the
1830s. Louis-Auguste Blanqui in 1837 spoke ofla rvolution industrielle.FriedrichEngels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844spoke of "an industrial
revolution, a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society."
In his bookKeywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, Raymond Williams states in
the entry forIndustry: The idea of a new social order based on major industrial changewas clear in Southey andOwen, between 1811 and 1818, and was implicit as early as
Blakein the early 1790s andWordsworth at the turn of the century.
Credit for popularising the term may be given toArnold Toynbee, whose lectures given
in 1881 gave a detailed account of the process.
Causes
Regional GDP/capita changed very little for most of human history before the Industrial
Revolution. (The empty areas mean no data, not very low levels. There is data for the
years 1, 1000, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1820, 1900, and 2003)
The causes of the Industrial Revolution were complicated and remain a topic for debate,with some historians believing the Revolution was an outgrowth of social and
institutional changes brought by the end offeudalism in Britainafter the English Civil
Warin the 17th century. As national border controls became more effective, the spread of
disease was lessened, thereby preventing the epidemics common in previous times.[12]The percentage of children who lived past infancy rose significantly, leading to a larger
workforce. The Enclosure movement and the British Agricultural Revolutionmade food
production more efficient and less labour-intensive, forcing the surplus population whocould no longer find employment in agriculture intocottage industry, for example
weaving, and in the longer term into the cities and the newly developed factories.[13] The
colonial expansionof the 17th century with the accompanying development ofinternational trade, creation offinancial marketsand accumulation ofcapitalare also
cited as factors, as is thescientific revolution of the 17th century.
Until the 1980s, it was universally believed by academic historians that technological
innovation was the heart of the Industrial Revolution and the key enabling technologywas the invention and improvement of thesteam engine.[14]However, recent research into
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Auguste_Blanquihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England_in_1844http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England_in_1844http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keywords:_A_Vocabulary_of_Culture_and_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Williamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Southeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wordsworthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wordsworthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Toynbeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Toynbeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_epidemicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weavinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_expansionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_expansionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_marketshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_marketshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_GDP_Capita_1-2003_A.D.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_GDP_Capita_1-2003_A.D.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Auguste_Blanquihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England_in_1844http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keywords:_A_Vocabulary_of_Culture_and_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Williamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Southeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wordsworthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Toynbeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_epidemicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weavinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_expansionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_marketshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution#cite_note-137/30/2019 Industrial Waste Part-1
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the Marketing Erahas challenged the traditional, supply-oriented interpretation of the
Industrial Revolution.[15]
Lewis Mumford has proposed that the Industrial Revolution had its origins in the earlyMiddle Ages, much earlier than most estimates. [16] He explains that the model for
standardised mass production was theprinting press and that "the archetypal model forthe industrial era was the clock". He also cites the monastic emphasis on order and time-
keeping, as well as the fact that medievalcities had at their centre a church with bellringing at regular intervals as being necessary precursors to a greater synchronisation
necessary for later, more physical, manifestations such as the steam engine.
The presence of a large domestic market should also be considered an important driver ofthe Industrial Revolution, particularly explaining why it occurred in Britain. In other
nations, such as France, markets were split up by local regions, which often imposed tolls
and tariffs on goods traded amongst them.[17]
Governments' grant of limitedmonopolies to inventors under a developingpatent system(the Statute of Monopolies 1623) is considered an influential factor. The effects of
patents, both good and ill, on the development of industrialisation are clearly illustrated
in the history of the steam engine, the key enabling technology. In return for publicly
revealing the workings of an invention, the patent system rewarded inventors such asJames Watt by allowing them to monopolise the production of the first steam engines,
thereby rewarding inventors and increasing the pace of technological development.
However, monopolies bring with them their own inefficiencies which maycounterbalance, or even overbalance, the beneficial effects of publicising ingenuity and
rewarding inventors.[18] Watt's monopoly may have prevented other inventors, such as
Richard Trevithick, William MurdochorJonathan Hornblower, from introducing
improved steam engines, thereby retarding the industrial revolution by up to 20 years.
[19]
Causes for occurrence in Europe
Further information: Scientific Revolution,Industrial Revolution in China and
Muslim Agricultural Revolution
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A 1623 Dutch East India Companybond.
European 17th century colonial expansion, international trade, and creation of financial
markets produced a new legal and financial environment, one which supported andenabled 18th century industrial growth.
One question of active interest to historians is why the industrial revolution occurred inEurope and not in other parts of the world in the 18th century, particularly China,India,
and the Middle East, or at other times like in Classical Antiquity[20] or theMiddle Ages.[21]
Numerous factors have been suggested, including ecology, government, and culture.[22]
However, most historians contest the assertion that Europe and China were roughly equal
because modern estimates of per capita income on Western Europe in the late 18thcentury are of roughly 1,500 dollars inpurchasing power parity (and Britain had aper
capita income of nearly 2,000 dollars[23]) whereas China, by comparison, had only 450
dollars. Also, the average interest rate was about 5% in Britain and over 30% in China,which illustrates how capital was much more abundant in Britain; capital that was
available for investment.
Some historians such as David Landes[24] and Max Webercredit the different belief
systems in China and Europe with dictating where the revolution occurred. The religionand beliefs of Europe were largely products ofJudaeo-Christianity, and Greek thought.
Conversely, Chinese society was founded on men like Confucius,Mencius,Han Feizi
(Legalism), Lao Tzu (Taoism), and Buddha (Buddhism). The key difference betweenthese belief systems was that those from Europe focused on the individual, while Chinese
beliefs centred around relationships between people. The family unit was more important
than the individual for the large majority of Chinese history, and this may have played a
role in why the Industrial Revolution took much longer to occur in China.
Regarding India, the Marxist historianRajani Palme Duttsaid: "The capital to finance theIndustrial Revolution in India instead went into financing the Industrial Revolution in
England."[25] In contrast to China, India was split up into many competing kingdoms, withthe three major ones being the Marathas,Sikhsand the Mughals. In addition, the
economy was highly dependent on two sectorsagriculture of subsistence and cotton,
and technical innovation was non-existent. The vast amounts of wealth were stored away
in palace treasuries by totalitarian monarchs prior to the British take over.
Causes for occurrence in Britain
As the Industrial Revolution developed British manufactured output surged ahead of
other economies
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The debate about the start of the Industrial Revolution also concerns the massive lead that
Great Britain had over other countries. Some have stressed the importance of natural or
financial resources that Britain received from its many overseas colonies or that profitsfrom the British slave tradebetween Africa and the Caribbean helped fuel industrial
investment. It has been pointed out, however, that slave trade and West Indian plantations
provided only 5% of the British national income during the years of the IndustrialRevolution.[26]
Alternatively, the greater liberalisation of trade from a large merchant base may have
allowed Britain to produce and use emerging scientific and technological developments
more effectively than countries with stronger monarchies, particularly China and Russia.Britain emerged from theNapoleonic Warsas the only European nation not ravaged by
financial plunder and economic collapse, and possessing the only merchant fleet of any
useful size (European merchant fleets having been destroyed during the war by the RoyalNavy[27] ). Britain's extensive exporting cottage industries also ensured markets were
already available for many early forms of manufactured goods. The conflict resulted in
most British warfare being conducted overseas, reducing the devastating effects ofterritorial conquest that affected much of Europe. This was further aided by Britain's
geographical position an island separated from the rest of mainland Europe.
Another theory is that Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due to the
availability of key resources it possessed. It had a dense population for its smallgeographical size.Enclosure of common land and the related Agricultural Revolution
made a supply of this labour readily available. There was also a local coincidence of
natural resources in theNorth of England, the English Midlands,South Walesand the
Scottish Lowlands. Local supplies of coal, iron, lead, copper, tin, limestone and waterpower, resulted in excellent conditions for the development and expansion of industry.
Also, the damp, mild weather conditions of the North West of England provided idealconditions for the spinning of cotton, providing a natural starting point for the birth of thetextiles industry.
The stable political situation in Britain from around 1688, and British society's greater
receptiveness to change (compared with other European countries) can also be said to be
factors favouring the Industrial Revolution. In large part due to the Enclosure movement,the peasantry was destroyed as significant source of resistance to industrialisation, and
the landed upper classes developed commercial interests that made them pioneers in
removing obstacles to the growth of capitalism.[28] (This point is also made inHilaireBelloc'sThe Servile State.)
Protestant work ethic
Another theory is that the British advance was due to the presence of an entrepreneurial
class which believed in progress, technology and hard work.[29] The existence of this classis often linked to the Protestant work ethic (see Max Weber) and the particular status of
the Baptistsand the dissenting Protestant sects, such as the Quakers and Presbyterians
that had flourished with the English Civil War. Reinforcement of confidence in the rule
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of law, which followed establishment of the prototype of constitutional monarchy in
Britain in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and the emergence of a stable financial
market there based on the management of the national debt by the Bank of England,contributed to the capacity for, and interest in, private financial investment in industrial
ventures.
Dissenters found themselves barred or discouraged from almost all public offices, as well
as education at England's only two universities at the time (although dissenters were stillfree to study at Scotland'sfour universities). When the restoration of the monarchy took
place and membership in the officialAnglican Church became mandatory due to the Test
Act, they thereupon became active in banking, manufacturing and education. TheUnitarians, in particular, were very involved in education, by running Dissenting
Academies, where, in contrast to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge and schools
such as Eton and Harrow, much attention was given to mathematics and the sciences areas of scholarship vital to the development of manufacturing technologies.
Historians sometimes consider this social factor to be extremely important, along with thenature of the national economies involved. While members of these sects were excluded
from certain circles of the government, they were considered fellow Protestants, to alimited extent, by many in the middle class, such as traditional financiers or other
businessmen. Given this relative tolerance and the supply of capital, the natural outlet for
the more enterprising members of these sects would be to seek new opportunities in thetechnologies created in the wake of the scientific revolution of the 17th century.
Innovations
The only surviving example of a Spinning Mule built by the inventor Samuel Crompton
The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of
innovations,[30] made in the second half of the 18th century:
Textiles - Cottonspinning using Richard Arkwright'swater frame, JamesHargreaves'sSpinning Jenny, and Samuel Crompton'sSpinning Mule(a
combination of the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame). This was patented in
1769 and so came out of patent in 1783. The end of the patent was rapidlyfollowed by the erection of manycotton mills. Similar technology was
subsequently applied to spinning worstedyarn for various textiles and flax for
linen.
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Steam power - The improved steam engine invented by James Watt was initially
mainly used for pumping out mines, but from the 1780s was applied to power
machines. This enabled rapid development of efficient semi-automated factorieson a previously unimaginable scale in places where waterpowerwas not available.
Iron founding - In the Iron industry, coke was finally applied to all stages of iron
smelting, replacing charcoal. This had been achieved much earlier forlead andcopperas well as for producingpig iron in ablast furnace, but the second stage inthe production ofbar irondepended on the use ofpotting and stamping(for which
apatent expired in 1786) orpuddling (patented by Henry Cort in 1783 and 1784).
These represent three 'leading sectors', in which there were key innovations, whichallowed the economic take off by which the Industrial Revolution is usually defined. This
is not to belittle many other inventions, particularly in thetextile industry. Without some
earlier ones, such asspinning jenny and flying shuttle in the textile industry and the
smelting of pig iron with coke, these achievements might have been impossible. Laterinventions such as the powerloomand Richard Trevithick's high pressure steam engine
were also important in the growing industrialisation of Britain. The application of steamengines to powering cotton millsand ironworksenabled these to be built in places thatwere most convenient because other resources were available, rather than where there
was water to power a watermill.
In the textile sector, such mills became the model for the organisation of human labour in
factories, epitomised by Cottonopolis, the name given to the vast collection ofcottonmills, factoriesand administration offices based in Manchester. The assembly line system
greatly improved efficiency, both in this and other industries. With a series of men
trained to do a single task on a product, then having it moved along to the next worker,the number of finished goods also rose significantly.
Also important was the 1756 rediscovery ofconcrete(based onhydraulic lime mortar) by
the British engineerJohn Smeaton, which had been lost for 13 centuries. [31]
Transfer of knowledge
Knowledge of new innovation was spread by several means. Workers who were trainedin the technique might move to another employer or might be poached. A common
method was for someone to make a study tour, gathering information where he could.
During the whole of the Industrial Revolution and for the century before, all Europeancountries and America engaged in study-touring; some nations, like Sweden and France,
even trained civil servants or technicians to undertake it as a matter of state policy. Inother countries, notably Britain and America, this practice was carried out by individualmanufacturers anxious to improve their own methods. Study tours were common then, as
now, as was the keeping of travel diaries. Records made by industrialists and technicians
of the period are an incomparable source of information about their methods.
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A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery(ca. 1766)
Informal philosophical societies spread scientific advances
Another means for the spread of innovation was by the network of informal philosophical
societies, like the Lunar Society ofBirmingham, in which members met to discuss
'natural philosophy' (i.e. science) and often its application to manufacturing. The Lunar
Society flourished from 1765 to 1809, and it has been said of them, "They were, if youlike, the revolutionary committee of that most far reaching of all the eighteenth century
revolutions, the Industrial Revolution".[32] Other such societies published volumes of
proceedings and transactions. For example, the London-based Royal Society of Artspublished an illustrated volume of new inventions, as well as papers about them in its
annual Transactions.
There were publications describing technology. Encyclopaedias such as Harris'sLexicon
Technicum (1704) and Dr Abraham Rees'sCyclopaedia (1802-1819) contain much ofvalue. Cyclopaedia contains an enormous amount of information about the science and
technology of the first half of the Industrial Revolution, very well illustrated by fine
engravings. Foreign printed sources such as theDescriptions des Arts et MtiersandDiderot'sEncyclopdie explained foreign methods with fine engraved plates.
Periodical publications about manufacturing and technology began to appear in the lastdecade of the 18th century, and many regularly included notice of the latest patents.
Foreign periodicals, such as theAnnales des Mines, published accounts of travels madeby French engineers who observed British methods on study tours.
Technological developments in Britain
Textile manufacture
Main article: Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution
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Model of the spinning jenny in a museum in Wuppertal, Germany. The spinning jenny
was one of the innovations that started the revolution
In the early 18th century, British textile manufacture was based on wool which wasprocessed by individual artisans, doing thespinning and weaving on their own premises.
This system is called a cottage industry. Flax and cotton were also used for fine materials,but the processing was difficult because of the pre-processing needed, and thus goods in
these materials made only a small proportion of the output.
Use of the spinning wheeland hand loom restricted the production capacity of the
industry, but incremental advances increased productivity to the extent that manufactured
cotton goods became the dominant British export by the early decades of the 19thcentury. India was displaced as the premier supplier of cotton goods.
Lewis Paul patented the Roller Spinning machine and the flyer-and-bobbinsystem for
drawing wool to a more even thickness, developed with the help of John Wyatt in
Birmingham. Paul and Wyatt opened a mill in Birmingham which used their new rollingmachine powered by a donkey. In 1743, a factory was opened inNorthampton with fifty
spindles on each of five of Paul and Wyatt's machines. This operated until about 1764. A
similar mill was built by Daniel Bournin Leominster, but this burnt down. Both Lewis
Paul and Daniel Bourn patented cardingmachines in 1748. Using two sets of rollers thattravelled at different speeds, it was later used in the first cotton spinning mill. Lewis's
invention was later developed and improved by Richard Arkwright in his water frame
and Samuel Crompton in his spinning mule.
Other inventors increased the efficiency of the individual steps of spinning (carding,
twisting and spinning, and rolling) so that the supply ofyarnincreased greatly, which fed
a weaving