INDIA & SOUTH ASIA

INDIA•Mahatma Gandhi, (a

former lawyer) organizes protests.

•Believes in non-violent protest or CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE- (refusal to obey unjust law) to get independence.

•Led marches, protests, boycotts & withheld paying taxes to get independence

MAHATMA GANDHI

• “WE MUST BE THE CHANGE WE WISH TO SEE”

INDIA•Gandhi called MAHATMA or “Great Soul”

•1919 Brits kill 100s & arrest Gandhi

•Led Salt March in 1930, urging people to make salt, which was against British law (shows non-violent resistance)

GREAT SALT MARCH 1930

INDIA & PAKISTAN

•Conflict grows btw Muslim minority & Hindu majority.

• Muslims led by Ali Jinnah want a separate Muslim state in Pakistan

•8/14/47 Indian empire gets independence & divided into 2 nations:

India- Hindu nation Pakistan-Muslim nation.

INDIA & PAKISTAN•Millions flee. Hindus go to India & Muslims to Pakistan.

•Many die, including Gandhi, (assassinated on 6/30/48)

•Several areas stay indep. •Each choose which nation to join

KASHMIR•Kashmir, area high in Hindu Kush mtns btw India & Pakistan had problems.

• Good resources there & also major rivers of region begin here.

KASHMIR•Kashmir has Hindu Prince & Muslim people.

• Pakistan & India sends in troops to take over.

• UN steps in & divides Kashmir .(2/3 to India & 1/3 to Pakistan). No one happy. Series of small wars occur.

• In 1990s, both nations get nuclear weapons.

KASHMIR•Violence starts in 2001 election

• Pak hijacks India airliner. •Ind troops kill people in camps & tests long range missiles

•Oct 2001, 1 million troops line up along border.

•Still ongoing struggle.

AFRICA•Did not get independence after WW I .

•Euro can’t afford to keep troops in colonies after WWII

•New leaders (many educated in US) believe in MARCUS GARVEY.

•He stressed PAN-AFRICANISM: unity of African people

•Stress African heritage

KWAME NKRUMAH•1957: The Gold Coast(Ghana), 1st colony gets independence from GB w/ help of KWAME NKRUMAH who later became leader

• 17 by nations by 1960.

• 11 more btw 1961-1965.

• Guerilla warfare helps Morocco, Mozambique, Angola & Tunisia

•White run govt. •1950s: AFRIKANNERS (SA whites) decide to make stronger segregation laws (separating races) called APARTHEID.

•1960-Students protest peacefully at Sharpsville, troops open fire, shooting kids in back.

•Blacks not allowed to participate in govt, hold certain jobs, must live in separate

homelands.

•NELSON MANDELA leader of AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (formed to get poli reform) is arrested for fighting for rights.

•Nations boycott SA & ban SA from Olympics.

•1993 President de Klerk agrees to hold democratic elections (due to international pressure).

• Mandela elected Pres. (jail time 26 years

NELSON MANDELLA

AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

ISSUES IN AFRICA1. single crop economy. ¾ live off of land.

2.few factories, low literacy rates, few skilled workers

3. hi pop growth (3% per yr) high birth rates & death rates

4.Must import technology & manufactured goods from West

5. bribery & corrupt officials

6. Huge droughts create FAMINE- lack of food

7. Uneven resources. 8. Poverty

9.Fast urbanization- city growth leads to crime, overcrowding, pollution, not enough services.

10. Aids- 300 mil by 2040. 8% of continent. ¾ of Nairobi

NIGHTMARE IN RWANDA

MASSACRE OF THE TUTSIS

•Civil wars begin btw groups when too many ethnic groups put together in one area.

•GENONICDE: killing a specific ethnic group:

•RWANDA- Hutus kill 500,000 Tutsis on a rampage in 1994. Killed w/ machetes, fire & torture.

MIDDLE EAST

•Armenia wanted ind & in 1915 Otto kills 600,000 people & deports 500,000

•Victims of GENOCIDE or deliberate mass murder of a racial, poli or cultural group.

•Also called ETHNIC CLEANSING.

•Otto collapses at end of WWI.

•IBN SAUD & est Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932.

• Standard Oil Co. finds oil in Persian Gulf bringing $$$ to area.

MIDDLE EAST CONFLICT•Palestine est by Jews 1000s yrs ago, but driven out by Romans

•Occupied by Muslim Palestinians for 100s yrs

•British Mandate in 1900s

•1917 Brits issue Balfour Declaration, saying would support a national home for the Jews in Palestine

•Jews begin to move back to Palestine (believing

to be promised land).

CONFLICT•GB rejects proposals for Jewish state & limits immigration.

• Tensions grow as 1000s of Jews arrive. • ZIONISM- movement to make a home for the Jews grows

PALESTINE•1948: UN divides Palestine into Jewish & Arab sections.

•Jews start nation of Israel on May 14, 1948.

• Arabs see this as betrayal.

•100,000s Arabs (mostly Muslim) flee.

•Several Arab nations invade.

•Arabs don’t recognize Israel.

•Massacres, bombings, occur for years

EGYPT

GAMAL ABDUL NASSER

NASSER & EGYPT•GAMAL ABDUL NASSER took control of Egypt (50s)

•Took Suez Canal from GB & FR & is supported by US

•Nasser promoted PAN-ARABISM-Arab unity, to improve standard of living, but oil rich nations don’t want to share wealth

EGYPT & ISRAEL•1967 Nasser blockades Israel’s shipping on Suez

• June 5, 1967 Israel launches air strikes on Egypt & armies break thru blockade & occupy Sinai Peninsula, West Bank of Jordan River & Golan Heights

ANWAR SADAT•Nasser dies 1970.

•ANWAR SADAT new leader of Egypt.

•1973 launches attack on Israel, ending in 1974 ceasefire

OPEC•1960: oil rich countries join together to control supply & pricing of oil.

• OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) includes: UAE, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Libya, Kuwait & more.

OPEC•Increase & decrease production for price control, (affects economies around the world)

ORGANIZATION of PETROLEUM Exporting

Countries

•1964 (PLO) Palestinian Liberation Organization forms to create Arab state.

•Led by Yassir Arafat who used terrorism

•Arabs become more aggressive leading to INTIFADA or uprising (which lasts thru the 1980s).

•1993 PLO & Israel reach agreement.

•Create Palestinian Authority which gave self rule in certain areas

PLO & INTIFADA

PLO•Arafat made head of PA & PLO recognizes Israel as nation.

• Many upset.• New militant groups such as HAMAS rise on both sides & use terrorist tactics.

INTIFADA

PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY

AYATOLLAH KHOMEINI & IRAN

IRAN•AYATOLLAH RUHOLLAH KHOMEINI replaces govt w/ THEOCRACY- govt based on religious law.

• All laws based on KORAN (Islam’s religious book).

• Very strict. Not a US ally. • Militants take 52 Americans hostage

SADDAM & IRAQ

SADDAM HUSSEIN & IRAQ•1979 HUSSIEN takes power.

•Major tension btw Iraq (Sunni Muslims) & Iran (Shiite Muslims)

•Iraq attacks Iran in a brutal war.

•1990- Iraq invades Kuwait for oil. •Treats people badly

•UN tells Saddam to pull out. US invades in Operation Desert Storm

•US & UN troops defeat Iraq in a month, but Saddam left in power.

• Hoped people of Iraq would overthrow Saddam

IRAQ TODAY•US troops return to Iraq in March 2003 over Iraq’s support of terrorism, human rights abuses & WMD.

•Saddam removed from power.

•Ongoing

AFGHANISTAN & OSMA BIN LADEN

•After WWII, king of Afghanistan had gets kicked out.

•New leaders try to create new govt

•USSR invades & occupy for 10 yrs.

•Forced to w/draw by US & Pakistan.

•Warring rebel groups fight for control

•TALIBAN gets control in 1996

•Sets up strict Islamic control & has major human rights abuses

•Support terrorism, including OSAMA BIN LADEN

•STILL HUNTING FOR OSAMA

WORLD TRADE CENTER TOWERS

9/11/01 TIMELINE**8:45 AM    Plane crashes

into the north tower of the World Trade Center. 

**9:03 AM    Plane crashes into the south tower of

the World Trade Center. 

**9:17 AM    The Federal Aviation Administration

(FAA) shuts down all New York City area

airports.

TIMELINE  **9:21 AM    The Federal Aviation Administration

(FAA) halts all flights at U.S. airports.  It is the first time in history that air traffic has been halted nationwide.

**9:43 AM    Plane crashes into the Pentagon.   Evacuation begins immediately.

**9:45 AM    The White House evacuates.**10:05 AM    The south tower of the World Trade Center collapses.

TIMELINE**10:10 AM    A portion of the Pentagon collapses.

**10:10 AM    Plane crashes in Somerset County, Pennsylvania.

**10:22 AM    The State and Justice Departments, as well as the World Bank are evacuated.

**10:28 AM    The World Trade Center’s north tower collapses.

**10:45 AM     All federal office buildings in Washington, D.C. are evacuated.

TIMELINE**1:44 PM    Five warships and two

aircraft carriers are ordered to leave the U.S. Naval Station in Norfolk, Virginia

to protect the East Coast.

  **4:10 PM    Building 7 of the World Trade Center collapses.

THE FLIGHTSAmerican Airlines Flight 11

From:  Boston, Massachusetts To: Los Angeles, California

Lives:  92 people on boardCrashed into North Tower of World Trade Center

at 8:45 AMUnited Airlines Flight 175

From:  Boston, Massachusetts To: Los Angeles, California

Lives: 65 people on boardCrashed into South Tower of World Trade Center

at 9:03 AM

FLIGHTSAmerican Airlines Flight 77

From:  Washington, D.C. (Dulles Airport)To: Los Angeles, CA

Lives:  64 people on boardCrashed into the Pentagon at 9:43 AM

United Airlines Flight 93From:   Newark, New JerseyTo: San Francisco, CaliforniaLives:   45 people on board

Crashed into rural Pennsylvania (southeast of Pittsburgh

VICTEMSVictims came from more than 90 countries around the world. The following are the number of people

who died at each site:

World Trade Center:      2,823 presumed

confirmed dead (includes airline passengers)

Pentagon       125 (not including plane victims)Flight 11                         92 people on boardFlight 175                       64 people on boardFlight 77                         64 people on boardFlight 93                         45 people on board