Index Peter Bowers Developing literacy and critical thinking through scientific inquiry about how...

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Peter Bowers

Developing literacy and critical thinking through scientific inquiry about how English spelling works.

Structured Word Inquiry

• English Spelling

• English Spelling❖ irregular, unreliable, crazy, frustrating...

• Spelling Instruction

• Spelling Instruction❖ boring, ineffective, memorization, irrelevant

(spell checkers)...

• Spelling Instruction❖ boring, ineffective, memorization, irrelevant

(spell checkers)...

This is a hypothesis...

This is a hypothesis that can be tested through scientific inquiry.

Structured Word Inquiry

Developing literacy and critical thinking through scientific inquiry about how English spelling works.

This is a hypothesis that can be tested through scientific inquiry.

English spelling works?

“…[L]earning to read is learning how to use the conventional forms of printed language to obtain meaning from words…

Rayner, Foorman, Perfetti, Pesetsky, & Seidenberg,et al. (2001). How psychological science informs the teaching of reading, American

Psychological Society, 2, 31-74.

“…[L]earning to read is learning how to use the conventional forms of printed language to obtain meaning from words…This view implies that the child learning how to read needs to learn how his or her writing system works [emphasis added]” (p. 34).

Assuming English spelling has conventions that work, let’s...

Test our systems for teaching spelling against the spelling system.

criesskyreallyballhelpfulfullsee, seaheto, too, twotheir, there

ridiculousreceivefriendshousegivepackageknew, newnightlaughed, painted,used, sled,

been, teendoesbusinessbrother, hothouseputtingstopper, properprintsbankruptcyskiingquestion

Test our systems for teaching spelling against the spelling system.

What should we do when data does not conform to assumptions of our spelling instruction?

Question and test those assumptions.

A short spelling test...

Question and test those assumptions.

question

<-tion> or <-ion>?

How can we determine the answer?

<-tion> or <-ion>?

From a popular teacher resource for teaching prefixes and suffixes…

<-tion> or <-ion>?

From a popular teacher resource for teaching prefixes and suffixes…

<-tion> or <-ion>?

From the authoritative Oxford English Dictionary…

-tionsuffixforming nouns of action, condition, etc., such as completion, relation.ORIGIN from Latin participial stems ending in -t + -ion .

<-tion> or <-ion>?

From the authoritative Oxford English Dictionary…

-tionsuffixforming nouns of action, condition, etc., such as completion, relation.ORIGIN from Latin participial stems ending in -t + -ion .

<-tion> or <-ion>?

Empirical question

Warrants scientific inquiry.

<-tion> or <-ion>?

Empirical question

Warrants

<-tion> or <-ion>?

Scientific inquiry...

<-tion> or <-ion>?

Scientific inquiry builds...

•Systemic understanding

<-tion> or <-ion>?

Scientific inquiry builds...

•Systemic understanding

• Generative learning skills

question

Investigate word structure & meaning

questionMean? Built?

Relatives?Pronunciation?

<-tion> or <-ion>?<-tion> or <-ion>?

ques + tion → question or

quest + ion → question

<-tion> or <-ion>?<-tion> or <-ion>?

question

<*ques> doesn’t mean anything!

Mean? Built?

ques + tion → question or

Mean? Built?

Orthographic morphological relatives:1) Pass the “structure test” (linked by a coherent word sum)

Mean? Built?

2) Pass the “meaning test” (share a common root origin)

Mean? Built?

questionORIGIN late Middle English : from Old French question (noun), questionner (verb), from Latin quaestio(n-), from quaerere ‘ask, seek.’

questORIGIN late Middle English : from Old French queste (noun), quester (verb), based on Latin quaerere ‘ask, seek.’ See also inquest .

Mean? Built?

questionORIGIN late Middle English : from Old French question (noun), questionner (verb), from Latin quaestio(n-), from quaerere ‘ask, seek.’

questORIGIN late Middle English : from Old French queste (noun), quester (verb), based on Latin quaerere ‘ask, seek.’ See also inquest .

Etymonline says: quaerere ‘seek, gain, ask’

Mean? Built?

Word SearcherFinds potentially related words.

Mean? Built?

Search Results for "quest"(41 matches)

sequestratedsequestratesunquestionedquestioninglyquestionnairesequestratingsequestrationunquestioningquestionnairessequestrationsunquestionableunquestionablyunquestioningly

requestedsequesterequestrianquestionedquestionerrequestingsequestersequestriansquestionersquestioningsequesteredsequestratequestionablesequestering

questquestsbequestinquestquestedrequestbequestsconquestinquestsquestingquestionrequestsconquestsquestions

Mean? Built?

Which have the base <quest> and Latin root ‘quaerere’?

Mean? Built?

⨯ sequesterfrom Latin sequester ‘trustee.’

Mean? Built?

unquestionedquestioninglyquestionnaire unquestioningquestionnaires unquestionableunquestionablyunquestioningly

requested equestrianquestionedquestionerrequestingequestriansquestionersquestioning

questionable

Mean? Built?

⨯ bequest

ORIGIN Middle English : from be- [about] + Old English cwis [speech,] influenced by bequeath .

questquests inquestquestedrequest conquestinquestsquestingquestionrequestsconquestsquestions

questionable

Mean? Built?

⨯ bequest

Mean? Built?

⨯ bequest

⨯ equestrianORIGIN mid 17th cent. (as an adjective): from Latin equester ‘belonging to a horseman’ (from eques ‘horseman, knight,’ from equus ‘horse’ ) + -ian .

questionable

Mean? Built?

⨯ bequest

⨯ equestrianORIGIN mid 17th cent. (as an adjective): from Latin equester ‘belonging to a horseman’ (from eques ‘horseman, knight,’ from equus ‘horse’ ) + -ian .

requested questionedquestionerrequesting questionersquestioning

questionable

questquestsinquestquestedrequestconquestinquestsquestingquestionrequestsconquestsquestionsrequestedquestionedquestionerrequestingquestionersquestioningquestionableunquestionedquestioninglyquestionnaireunquestioningquestionnairesunquestionableunquestionablyunquestioningly

Mean? Built?

27 of original 41 potential relatives are actual relatives.

questquestsinquestquestedrequestconquestinquestsquestingquestionrequestsconquestsquestionsrequestedquestionedrequestingquestioningquestionableunquestionable

Mean? Built?

Let’s work with just 18 of those 27

Mean? Built?

Let’s work with just 18 of those 27

quest → questquests → quest + sinquest → in + questquested → quest +edrequest → re + questconquest → con + questinquests → in + quest + squesting → quest + ing question → quest + ion

requests → re + quest + sconquests → con + quest + s questions → quest + ion + srequested → re + quest +ed questioned → quest + ion + edrequesting → re + quest + ingquestioning → quest + ion + ingquestionable → quest + ion + ableunquestionable → un + quest + ion + able

What does the interrelation of this family look like?

Mean? Built?

quest → questquests → quest + sinquest → in + questquested → quest +edrequest → re + questconquest → con + questinquests → in + quest + squesting → quest + ing question → quest + ion

requests → re + quest + sconquests → con + quest + s questions → quest + ion + srequested → re + quest +ed questioned → quest + ion + edrequesting → re + quest + ingquestioning → quest + ion + ingquestionable → quest + ion + ableunquestionable → un + quest + ion + able

What does the interrelation of this family look like?

uninre

questLatin Rootquaerere

‘ask, seek, gain’

singed

ionablesing

Mean? Built?

uninre

questLatin Rootquaerere ‘ask, seek,

gain’

singed

ionablesing

Orthographic morphological

relatives

uninre

gain’

singed

ionablesing

Mean? Built?

relatives

uninre

gain’

singed

ionablesing

Mean? Built?

un + quest +

relatives

uninre

gain’

singed

ionablesing

Mean? Built?

un + quest + ion +

relatives

uninre

gain’

singed

ionablesing

Mean? Built?

un + quest + ion + ing →

relatives

Mean? Built?

un + quest + ion + ing → unquestioning

uninre

gain’

singed

ionablesing

relatives

uninre

gain’

singed

ionablesing

Mean? Built?

relatives

uninre

gain’

singed

ionablesing

Mean? Built?

con + quest +

relatives

uninre

gain’

singed

ionablesing

Mean? Built?

con + quest + s →

relatives

Mean? Built?

con + quest + s → conquests

uninre

gain’

singed

ionablesing

relatives

Mean? Built?

Etymological relatives...Include a larger family of words:

Mean? Built?

Etymological relatives...Include a larger family of words:•All those that can be shown in a word matrix (share a base element)

uninre

conquestLatin Rootquaerere

singed

ionablesing

Mean? Built?

Etymological relatives...Include a larger family of words:•All those that can be shown in a word matrix (share a base element)

•Also words of the same root origin but not the same base element.

uninre

singed

ionablesing

Mean? Built?

uninre

singed

ionablesing

querent, query, disquisition, require, conquer, acquisition, exquisite

These words share the root ‘quaerere’ (Etymonline):

Mean? Built?

uninre

singed

ionablesing

All these words are related to the Latin root quaerere ‘ask, seek, gain’

Mean? Built?

uninre

singed

ionablesing

The matrix only shows orthographically

morphologically related words

Recall references citing <*-tion> suffix:Teacher resource:

actioninventionlocationprotectionvacation

Recall references citing <*-tion> suffix:Teacher resource:

action → act + ioninvention → invent + ionlocation → locate/ + ionprotection → protect + ionvacation → vacate/ + ion

Recall references citing <*-tion> suffix:Oxford English Dictionary

relationcompletion

Recall references citing <*-tion> suffix:Oxford English Dictionary

relation → relate/ + ioncompletion → complete/ + ion

Question:

How many of us have explicitly taught our students that asking a question literally means to go on a quest for knowledge?

Mean? Built?

Why do most of us fail to see the link between <quest> and <question>?

Mean? Built?

An instructional emphasis on the role of sound in spelling...

An instructional emphasis on the role of sound in spelling without reference to morphology (or etymology) has predictable consequences.

Mean? Built?

• Often directs attention away from spelling-meaning links

Mean? Built?

• Often directs attention away from spelling-meaning links- Emphasizes the spelling of the syllable pronounced /tʃən/

Mean? Built?

• Often directs attention away from spelling-meaning links- Emphasizes the spelling of the syllable pronounced /tʃən/ but not the base (meaning-bearing element).

Mean? Built?

<qu-e-s-t>

Mean? Built?

<qu-e-s-t> /kwɛstʃ/

Mean? Built?

• Cannot teach that the pronunciation of morphemes shift across words in English.

Mean? Built?

<quest>

basespelled

Mean? Built?

<quest>

basespelled

basepronounced

/kwɛstʃ/

Mean? Built?

<quest>

basespelled

basepronounced

/kwɛstʃ/ question, questionable...

Mean? Built?

<quest>

basespelled

basepronounced

/kwɛstʃ/

/kwɛst/

question, questionable...

Mean? Built?

<quest>

basespelled

basepronounced

/kwɛstʃ/

/kwɛst/

quest, inquest, requested...

Mean? Built?

<quest>

basespelled

basepronounced

/kwɛstʃ/

/kwɛst/

quest, inquest, requested...

Mean? Built?

basespelled

basepronounced

Mean? Built?

basespelled

basepronounced

/du:/ doing, undo, redo

Mean? Built?

basespelled

basepronounced

doing, undo, redo

does, done

Mean? Built?

basespelled

basepronounced

do ingesne

Mean? Built?

basespelled

basepronounced

do + ing → doingdo + es → doesdo + ne → done

do ingesne

Mean? Built?

go + ing → goinggo + es → goesgo + ne → gone

ingesne

Assumptions of Structured Word Inquiry:

Assumptions of Structured Word Inquiry:•English spelling makes sense.

ingesne

uninre

conquest

Latin Rootquaerere

singed

ionablesing

Assumptions of Structured Word Inquiry:•English spelling makes sense.

Assumptions of Structured Word Inquiry:•English spelling makes sense.•Children deserve to learn how their writing system works.

ingesne

uninre

conquest

Latin Rootquaerere

singed

ionablesing

Assumptions of Structured Word Inquiry:•English spelling makes sense.•Children deserve to learn how their writing system works.•Teachers require accurate resources and training.

ingesne

uninre

conquest

Latin Rootquaerere

singed

ionablesing

Assumptions of Structured Word Inquiry:•English spelling makes sense.•Children deserve to learn how their writing system works.•Teachers require accurate resources and training.•Spelling can be investigated and understood through scientific inquiry -- with the proper tools and resources.

ingesne

uninre

conquest

Latin Rootquaerere

singed

ionablesing

Mean? Built?

Thank You!

Thank You!All of these resources that support structured word inquiry learning/instruction can be found through these links.

www.wordworkskingston.comwww.realspelling.com

www.wordworkskingston.com

spelling out word structurewww.wordworkskingston.com

spelling out word structure

do + es → doesdo + ing → doinggo + es → goesgo + ne → gonequest + ion → questioncon + quest + s → conquestsact + ion → actioninvent + ion → inventionlocate + ion → locationprotect + ionvacate + ion → vacationcomplete + ion → comletionrelate + ion → relation

Index Peter Bowers Developing literacy and critical thinking through scientific inquiry about how...

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