In the name of GOD

Sheikhlotfolah mosqueIsfahan

Shoulder &Upper arm Physical Examination

Babak Vahdatpour MDAssistant professor

Department of Physical Medicine & Rehab. Isfahan University of Medical Sciences

DDx. of Shoulder Pain or reduced R.O.M

• Rotator Cuff Dis.• Adhesive Capsulitis• Calcific Tendonitis• Dynamic Functional Instability• A.C Degenerative Joint Dis.• Glenohumeral Degenerative Joint Dis.• Arthropathy(crystalline & Rheumatoid)• Cervical Radiculopathy• Tumors(shoulder girdle & lung apex)

Physical Examination

• inspection• palpation• range of motion• strength• provocative shoulder test• neck & elbow

Inspection

• both shoulders exposed• inspection of both shoulders• swelling• asymmetry• muscle atrophy• scars• ecchymosis• venous distension

Inspection

• squaring of the shoulder→ anterior dislocation

Swollen subacromial bursa in R.A Rupture of the left pectoralis major tendon.

Inspection

Fractured left clavicle. Swollen sternoclavicular joint due to a fracture of the medial end of the left clavicle

• scapular "winging"→ shoulder instability serratus anterior dysfunction trapezius dysfunction

• Rupture of the long head of the biceps tendon (arrow).

Inspection

• atrophy of the supraspinatus or infraspinatus→ rotator cuff tear suprascapular nerve entrapment neuropathy

Palpation

• tenderness• deformity

1.subacromial space → rotator cuff tendinitis impingement syndrome calcific tendinitis rotator cuff tear2.bicipital groove → bicipital tendinitis bicipital tendon subluxation, tear

3.acromioclavicular joint4.anterior glenohumeral joint → glenohumoral arthritis osteonecrosis glenoid labrum tear adhesive capsulitis 5.sternoclavicular joint

6.posterior edge of acromion → rotator cuff tendinitis calcific tendinitis rotator cuff tear

7.suprascapular notch → suprascapular nerve entrapment

8.Quadrilateral space → axillary nerve entrapment

Range of Motion testing

• compared with the unaffected side

• active & passive: loss of active motion alone → weakness of muscle than joint ds: LOM with both active & passive Ex → arthropathies adhesive capsulitis

Range of Motion testing• Flextion & Extension

• Abduction & Adduction (scapulohumeral rhythm)

• Internal rotation & External rotation

• Scapular Retraction & Protraction

Apley scratch test

Painful arc of abduction. Passive shoulder abduction

Shrugging of the scapula to increase abduction (right shoulder)

Measurement of rotation in 90° abduction. A, Neutral position. B, External rotation. C, Internal rotation.

Muscle testing

• Scapular stabilizers• Rotator cuff• Humeral Adductor/Internal Rotators• Humeral Abductors• Elbow Flexors & Extensors

Scapular stabilizers

– Serratus ant.– Rhomboids– Trapezius

Evaluating the Rotator cuff

• supraspinatusinfraspinatusteres minorsubscapularis

• pain• weakness

Supraspinatus

• "empty can" test (Jobe test)

FIGURE 3. Supraspinatus examination ("empty can" test). The patient attempts to elevate the arms against resistance while the elbows are extended, the arms are abducted and the thumbs are pointing downward.

Infraspinatus and Teres minor

FIGURE 4. Infraspinatus/teres minor examination. The patient attempts to externally rotate the arms against resistance while the arms are at the sides and the elbows are flexed to 90 degrees

Subscapularis & other int. rotators

Humeral Adductor/Internal Rotators• Pecturalis Major• Latissimus Dorsi

Humeral Abductors

• Deltoid• Supraspinatous

Elbow Flexors & Extensors

• Biceps• Brachialis• Brachioradialis• Triceps

Provocative test

Neer's test(sign)

• subacromialimpingement

• impingement test: injection

FIGURE 5. Neer's test for impingement of the rotator cuff tendons under the coracoacromial arch. The arm

is fully pronated and placed in forced flexion.

Hawkin's test

• subacromialimpingement

• rotator cufftendonitis

FIGURE 6. Hawkins' test for subacromial impingement or rotator cuff tendonitis. The arm is forward elevated to 90 degrees, then forcibly internally rotated.

Drop-arm test

• rotator cuff tear• supraspinatus dysfunction

O`Brien test

A.C joint or labrum injury

Cross-chest test

• acromioclavicularjoint dysfunction

FIGURE 7. Cross-arm test for acromioclavicular joint disorder. The patient elevates the affected arm to 90 degrees, then actively adducts it.

Ant. Apprehension

• ant. instability

FIGURE 8. Apprehension test for anterior instability. The patient's arm is abducted to 90 degrees while the examiner externally rotates the arm and applies anterior pressure to the humerus.

Relocation & Release test

Jerk test & post. Apprehension test

• Post. instability

Sulcus sign• inferior glenohumeral

instability

FIGURE 10. Sulcus test for glenohumeral instability. Downward traction is applied to the humerus, and the examiner watches for a depression lateral or inferior to the acromion.

Speed's maneuver

• proximal tendon of the long head of the biceps

Yergason test

• biceps tendon

FIGURE 9. Yergason test for biceps tendon instability or tendonitis. The patient's elbow is flexed to 90 degrees, and the examiner resists the patient's active attempts to supinate the arm and flex the elbow.

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

• Adson`s test

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

• Roos` test

33 pole Isfahan