Post on 31-Dec-2015
description
IMPROVING STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT FOR ECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED STUDENTS
Christy Lawrence and Crystal Werkheiser
EDLD 5333—Lamar University
Spring 2009
Disadvantaged Students?
Principal Competency--1
A principal knows how to…create a campus culture that sets high expectations, promotes learning, and provides intellectual stimulation for self, students, and staff.ensure that parents and other members of the community are an integral part of the campus culture.use strategies for involving all stakeholders in planning processes to enable the collaborative development of a shared campus vision focused on teaching and learning.
Principal Competency--2
A principal knows how to…communicate effectively with families and other community members in varied educational contexts.communicate and work effectively with diverse groups in the school community to ensure that all students have an equal opportunity for educational success.
Principal Competency--4
A principal knows how to…facilitate effective campus curriculum planning based on knowledge of various factors (e.g., emerging issues, occupational and economic trends, demographic data, student learning data, motivation theory, teaching and learning theory, principles of curriculum design, human developmental processes, legal requirements).facilitate the use of sound, research-based practice in the development, implementation, and evaluation of campus curricular, co-curricular, and extracurricular programs.
Principal Competency--6
A principal knows how to…diagnose campus organizational health and morale and implement strategies to provide ongoing support to campus staff.engage in ongoing professional development activities to enhance one's own knowledge and skills and to model lifelong learning.
Differentiated Instruction
No two children are alike. No two children learn in the identical way. An enriched environment for one student is not necessarily enriched for another. In the classroom we should teach children to think for themselves.
--Marian Diamond
Differentiated Instruction
To differentiate instruction is to recognize students varying background knowledge, readiness, language, preferences in learning, interests, and to react responsively. Differentiated instruction is a process to approach teaching and learning for students of differing abilities in the same class. The intent of differentiating instruction is to maximize each student’s growth and individual success by meeting each student where he or she is, and assisting in the learning process.
---Tracey Hall, Ph.D
Content
Several elements and materials are used to support instructional content.Align tasks and objectives to learning goals.Instruction is concept-focused and principle-driven.
Process
Flexible grouping is consistently usedClassroom management benefits students and teachers
Products
Initial and on-going assessment of student readiness and growth are essential. Students are active and responsible explorers. Vary expectations and requirements
for student responses.
Ten Effective Research-Based Instructional Strategies—Marzano (2000)
1. Vocabulary. Research indicates that student achievement will increase by 12 percentile points when students are taught 10-12 words a week; 33 percentile points when vocabulary is focused on specific words important to what students are learning.
Ten Effective Research-Based Instructional Strategies—Marzano (2000)
2. Comparing, contrasting, classifying, analogies, and metaphors. These processes are connected as each requires students to analyze two or more elements in terms of their similarities and differences in one or more characteristics. This strategy has the greatest effect size on student learning.
Ten Effective Research-Based Instructional Strategies—Marzano (2000)
3. Summarizing and note-taking. To summarize is to fill in missing
information and translate information into a
synthesized, brief form. Note-taking is the process of
students’ using notes as a work in progress and/or teachers’
preparing notes to guide instruction.
Ten Effective Research-Based Instructional Strategies—Marzano (2000)
4. Reinforcing effort and giving praise. Simply teaching many students that added effort will pay off in terms of achievement actually increases student achievement more than techniques for time management and comprehension of new material. Praise, when recognizing students for legitimate achievements, is also effective.
Ten Effective Research-Based Instructional Strategies—Marzano (2000)
5. Homework and practice. These provide students
with opportunities to deepen their understanding
and skills relative to presented content. Effectiveness depends on quality and frequency of teacher feedback, among other factors.
Ten Effective Research-Based Instructional Strategies—Marzano (2000)
6. Nonlinguistic representation. Knowledge is generally stored in two forms— linguistic form
and imagery. Simple yet powerful non-linguistic
instructional techniques such as graphic organizers,
pictures and pictographs, concrete representations, and creating mental
images improve learning.
Ten Effective Research-Based Instructional Strategies—Marzano (2000)7. Cooperative learning. Effective when
used right; ineffective when overused. Students still need time to practice skills and processes independently.
Ten Effective Research-Based Instructional Strategies—Marzano (2000)8. Setting objectives and providing
feedback. Goal setting is the process of establishing direction and purpose. Providing frequent and specific feedback related to learning objectives is one of the most effective strategies to increase student achievement.
Ten Effective Research-Based Instructional Strategies—Marzano (2000)
9. Generating and testing hypotheses. Involves students directly in applying knowledge to a specific situation. Deductive thinking (making a prediction about a future action or event) is more effective than inductive thinking (drawing conclusions based on information known or presented.) Both are valuable.
Ten Effective Research-Based Instructional Strategies—Marzano (2000)
10. Cues, questions, and advanced organizers. These strategies help students retrieve what they already know on a topic. Cues are straight-forward ways of activating prior knowledge; questions help students to identify missing information; advanced organizers are organizational frameworks presented in advance of learning.
Student Relationships
Key requirements for students feeling connected:High academic expectations and rigor coupled with support for learningPositive adult-student relationshipsSafety: both physical and emotional
---Ruby K. Payne
Student Relationships
Strong student connection to school promotes:Educational motivationClassroom attendanceImproved classroom attendance
--Ruby K. Payne
Marzano Research-Based Instructional Strategies
Classroom Instruction that Works- Research-Based Strategies for Increasing Student Achievement 2004
Identifying Similarities & Differences-comparing, classifying, creating
metaphors, creating analogies Summarizing & Note Taking- analyzing, synthesizing, prioritizing data, restating,
organizing Reinforcing Effort & Providing Recognition- student self-recognition and goal
setting, correlation between effort and achievement, effective praise, recognition tokens, pause-prompt - praise technique
Homework & Practice- establishing and communicating a homework policy,
purpose of homework, student assignment sheets, commenting on homework, masses and distributive practice
Nonlinguistic Representations- creating graphic organizers, using other
nonlinguistic representations
Marzano Research-Based Instructional Strategies
Cooperative Learning- elements of cooperative learning, varying grouping criteria, managing group size
Setting Objectives & Providing Feedback- setting, personalizing,
and communicating objectives, negotiating contracts, using criterion- referenced and assessment feedback, peer feedback, student self-assessment
Generating & Testing Hypothesis- systems analysis, problem-
solving, decision making, historical investigation, experimental inquiry, invention
Cues, Questions, & Advance Organizers- focusing important
information, explicit cues, asking inferential and analytical questions, expository and narrative advanced organizers, skimming, specific types of knowledge, vocabulary, details, organizing ideas, skills and processes.
Parent’s Role
Parental involvement encourages:Higher grades, test scores, and graduation ratesIncreased motivation, better self-esteemLower rates of suspensionDecreased use of drugs and alcoholFewer instances of violent behavior
---Ruby K. Payne
Principal’s Role
Support interventions financially Properly trained staffCollaboration with staff Design community participationModify interventions using data
Sources
http://www.cast.org/publications/ncac/ncac_diffinstruc.html
http://www.texes.ets.org/assets/pdf/testprep_manuals/068_principal_55017_web.pdf
http://www.cast.org/publications/ncac/ncac_diffinstruc.html
http://www.edutopia.org/strategies-help-at-risk-students