IMPRESSIONISM

PAINTING:

Developed in France in late 19th century

Artists who shared a set of related approaches & techniques

Interest in natural colour and landscapes and the effects of light on the colour

Broke every rule of the French Academy of Fine Arts

1st artistic revolution since the Renaissance

Term comes from Claude Monet’s painting Impression-Sunrise.

EDOUARD MANET1832-1883

Trained as a traditional painter

Message of them painter was in the brush strokes & the paint on the canvas

Did not want to compete with the camera, but the viewer should look at his paintings

Music at Tuileries, 1862

Luncheon on the Grass, 1863

Olympia, 1863

Gare Saint-Lazare, 1873

The Bar at the Folies-Bergere, 1882

CLAUDE MONET,1840-1926

Became leader of the Impressionist movement

Span Realism to contemporary Abstract

Loved to work outdoors Fascination with light

Le Dejeuner sur l’Herbe, 1865-1866

Jardin a Sainte-Adresse, 1867

Impression, Sunrise, 1872

Style changed-flat brush strokes gave way to a shimmering effect with colour & light

Use dabs of colour & mixed them on the canvas—technique is called optical mixing became the basis of the Impressionist theories of colour & light

Poppies Blooming, 1873

Argenteuil, 1875

Woman with Parasol, 1875

Rue Montorgueil, 1878

Rouen Cathedral, Fascade, Sunset, 1892

Bridge Over a Pond of Water Lilies, 1899

Water Lilies, 1914

Water Lilies, 1920

CAMILLE PISSARO, 1830-1903

Born in the West Indies, came to Paris at 25 Years old to be an artist

Favourite subject was street scenes of Paris

The Stage Coach at Louveciennes , 1870

Garden at Pontoise, 1875

PIERRE AUGUSTE RENOIR,1841-1919

1st job was painting nudes in a porcelain factory

1st period: interested in bright effects of light, typical of Impressionists

Nude in the Sun, 1875

The Swing, 1876

Moulin de la Galette, 1876

By the Water, 1880

2nd period: -gave up the effects of

Impressionism & painted solid, carefully defined forms

On the Terrace, 1881

Girl Braiding her Hair, 1885

After the Bath, 1888

3rd period: -tried to unite by combining the

formal; balance of traditional approaches with the shimmering effects of Impressionism

Girls at the Piano, 1892

Artist & His Family, 1895

Woman on the Coach, 1906

4th period: -fingers were crippled with arthritis exaggeration of brushstrokes & more intense colours

Self Portrait, 1910

Bathers, 1918

BERTHE MORISOT,1841-1895

Sister-in-law of Manet

Posed for many of her friends

Subjects were feminine

The Cradle, 1872

Eugene Manet on the Isle of Wright, 1875

Summer Day, 1879

EDGAR DEGAS,1834-1917

Began under Ingres

Master of line drawing

1st artists to exhibit sketches

Amateur photographer

Painted in series, ballet, horses

Portrait of the Bellili Family, 1858-1867

At the Dance Class, 1872-1876

New Orleans Cotton Exchange, 1873

Ballet Rehearsal, 1873

Horseracing in Longchamps, 1873-75

L’Absinthe, 1876

At the Races, 1877

Ballet Rehearsal, 1878

MARY CASSETT,1855-1927

Born in the USA, but came to Paris to study the Impressionist

Mothers and children were her favourite subjects

The Boating Party, 1893-1894

JAMES ABBOTT WHISTLER, 1834-1903

American who moved to Paris to study art

Worked in grays & blacks. Used thin glazes of colour to build up grays

Influenced by Japanese prints

Portrait of Whistler with Hat, 1858

Harmony in Blue & Silver, 1865

Arrangement in Gray & Black No. 1: The Artists Mother, 1871

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

By the end of the 19th century Impressionism was changing

Artists such as Renoir, Degas & Monet were exploring new styles

Looked for something more substantial wished to combine the colour & light of Impressionism with design & composition of traditional paintings

PAUL CEZANNE1839-1906

Spent most of his life in Aix

Started with Delacroix, but met Pissarro & adopted is styles

Works refused by the Salon

Painting should remain as flat canvases with paint on them

Portrait of Uncle Dominique, 1867

Self Portrait, 1875

Jas de Bouffan, 1876

The Card Players, 1892

Montagne Sainte-Victoire, 1892

Still Life with a Curtain, 1895

GEORGE SEURAT1859-1891

Sunny pictures Pointillism-result is

grainy

Bathers at Asnieres, 1884

Sunday Afternoon on the Island of Le Grande Jatte,

1884-`1886

The Circus, 1891

HENRI de TOULOUSE-LAUTREC1864-1901

Born into noble family, but became a dwarf at 14

Moved to Paris to paint

Drew caricatures of night life

Moulin-Rouge Poster, 1891

At the Moulin Rouge, 1892

Salon at the Rue des Moulin, 1894

VINCENT VAN GOGH1853-1890

Worked as an art dealer, etc. began painting at 27

Mental depression & was admitted into sanatoriums

Produced over 800 paintings in 10 years

Committed suicide at 37

Lead the movement that became known as Expressionism

Still Life, 1881

Self Portrait, 1887

Still Life: Vase with Twelve Sunflowers, August 1888

The Café Terrace on the Place de Forum, Arles, at Night. September 1888

Starry, Starry Night, June 1889

Entrance of the Hospital, 1889

Portrait of Dr.Gachet, 1890

ARCHITECTURE

Became innovative as structural steel freed up the limitations that allowed architects to go as high as they pleased

1st skyscapers in Chicago in the 1880’s

Lines were simple

The Brookline Bridge, 1869-1883

Eiffel Tower, 1887-1889

MUSIC

Rise of national music, folk songs, & national history provided the inspiration for operas

Era of the travelling performer who played to audiences.

Composers wrote music to amaze the audience

FRANZ LISZT1811-1886

Hungarian composer Over 1200 compositions Innovative piano

compositions based on gypsy music

1st composer to perform solo piano concerts turned the piano sideways, so the audience could see his hands

Taught music in Vienna to 100’s Faust Symphony (1854) Hungarian Rhapsody

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejXPcv9MS7s

Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky

Russian composer who was educated in Law school, but left to study music

wrote symphonies, operas, ballets & popular concert music, including: Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker, The 1812 Overture

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u2W1Wi2U9sQ

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FY4Y1gTO9HE

RICHARD STRAUSS1864-1949

Wrote symphonic poems & operas-to convey emotions, Don Juan (1888) Thus Spake

Zarathustra (1896)

Don Quixote (1897)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SLuW-GBaJ8khttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_CTYymbbEL4

LITERATURE

A great period for fiction Not content with realist’s aim to

reflect life with accuracy , but to deal with human development & their problems

Prose literature dealt with protests & exposed people as greedy, selfish, combative, etc.

GEORGE BERNARD SHAW1856-1950

Born into poverty in Ireland

Self-educated in economics & politics

Prominent Fabian, expressing views on feminism war, religion & socialism

Considered the greatest dramatist in the English language since Shakespeare won Nobel prize for literature in 1925

Plays included: Mrs. Warren’s Profession

(1893) Arms & the Man (1894) Caesar & Cleopatra

(1898) Man & Superman (1905) Pygmalion (1913) St. Joan (1923)

H.G. WELLS,1866-1946

Studied zoology Fabian Society in

1903 Liberal Democrat

Research Committee for the League of Nations (1918)

Pioneered modern science fiction

Believed in the perfectibility of mankind through evolution

Works included: The Time Machine

(1895) The Island of Dr.

Moreau (1896) The Invisible Man

(1897) The War of the

Worlds (1898) A Modern Utopia

(1905) The New Machiavelli

(1911)