Post on 27-Apr-2018
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REPUBLIC OF SUDAN
MINISTRY OF PETROLEUM & GAS
Impact of USA economic sanctions on
Oil industry in Sudan
November, 2015
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Table of Contents
Item page
Introduction.
Chapter I: Oil Industry in Sudan
Upstream operations.
Downstream operations.
MOPG Affiliates Companies
Chapter II: Role of oil sector in the economy:
Oil contribution on government revenues &GDP.
Oil impact on balance of payment.
Oil importance for other economic sectors
Chapter III :Impact of sanctions on oil industry
Terms of sanctions.
Undeclared economic sanctions.
Impact on financial transactions.
Impact on information& software technology.
Impact on upstream and downstream operations.
Impact on human resources and capacity building.
Costs, risks and losses due to sanctions: quantitative
measures:
Conclusion.
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Introduction
Oil Sector is the most important source of energy and one of the strategic and
leading economic sectors in achieving economic development in the country. In
1997, the United States of America imposed number of economic sanctions on the
Sudan and these sanctions have been extended annually to this date. The sanctions
have had multiple negative impacts on the performance of all economic sectors,
and particularly the oil sector which is the most affected sector due to its nature.
This paper aims at reflecting upon the impacts of sanctions on oil sector taking
into account its linkage with other dependent economic sectors such as electricity,
transportation and agricultural sectors, and the importance of these sectors with
regard to the peoples’ economic activities.
Analysis shows that sanctions had negative impacts on the oil sector’s role in
the economy by tracking the declined trend of oil sector’s share in revenues in the
national budget and the decrease of petroleum exports’ contribution to the national
exports compared to its previous performance. The oil industry components that
have been negatively affected by sanctions include the financial transactions,
information and software technology, upstream and downstream operations,
human resources and capacity building.
Due to the sanctions, the oil sector faced many challenges while attempting to
sustain its growth as the chain negative impacts had their effects on accessing
advanced technologies, funds, capacity building of human resources and even the
peoples’ welfare. The paper illustrates some quantitative measures of costs, risks
and lost opportunities that could be attributed directly or indirectly to the sanctions.
Thus, it could be said that the ongoing American sanctions affect the whole
economic performance through its negative impacts on the oil sector.
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Chapter I
Oil industry in Sudan
Oil industry in Sudan was first initiated in 1959 followed by exploration and
production activities till the discovery of commercial amounts of petroleum in
1999, at the same year the concession of exploration and production has been
awarded to the Greater Nile Operating Company which was formed by CNPC,
PETRONAS, STATE and SUDAPET this consortium has made a considerable
discoveries reflected in increasing the proven reserve and oil production in Sudan.
In the mid of 2011 Southern Sudan has chosen the separation from Sudan as a
result of that most of the producing oil fields went to the Southern Sudan whereas
the pipelines, refineries and marine terminals for exports are located in Sudan.
(1) Up – stream operations:
Refers to the exploration and production activities where the operating companies
are engaged in the operation in the producing blocks. Currently exploration
activities are taking place in 6 blocks through 5 operating companies with field
development activities in 4 blocks. There are 7 blocks under promotion. Table(1).
Table (1) :Operating Companies & Petroleum Producing blocks in Sudan
Category Operators and corresponding joint venture partners Block
Under development
(4 blocks)
Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company Blocks 2 & 4
Petro-Energy Operating Company
Block 6
Star Oil Operating Company
Block 17
Under exploration
(3 block)
Great Sahara Petroleum Operating Company (Gspoc)
Block 12A
Rawat Petroleum Operating Company
Blocks 25
Free blocks
(7 blocks)
Block
9,11,12B,8,10,14,15
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The total daily production from all blocks during the period 2005-2015 is
fluctuated started by 294 thousand barrel per day in 2005 and reach the
production beak in 2007 and then decline continuously table (2)
Table (2) CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION (2005-2015) (daily average rate /000 barrels)
Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Daily production 294 356 483 457 475 462 291 102 124 114 110
Chart (1): CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION (2005-2015)
(2) Down – stream operations:
Refers to the infrastructure of which provide services and support to up-
stream operations and output. It represents the petroleum facilities and the
infrastructures for the sector and consists of:
Petroleum pipelines:
There are three major pipelines were designed to carry crude oil from the
major oil fields. In addition to that, there are pipelines for carrying the
imported and exported petroleum products.
a. Crude Oil Pipelines:
- Heglig – Bashair pipeline; completed in August 1999 to transport Nile
blend crude oil from the production areas block 1, 2 and 4, in addition to
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Daily production (000 barrels)
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block 5A to the Bashayer 1 Marine Terminal at Port Sudan. The length of
the pipeline is 1,610 km, with a diameter of 28 inches; its maximum
capacity is 450 KBOPD.
- Al Fula – Khartoum pipeline; completed in 2003 to transport Fula
crude oil from the production area block 6 to Khartoum refinery. The
length is 715 km, the pipeline’s diameter is 24 inches, and the maximum
capacity is 200 KBOPD.
- Foluj - Bashair pipeline; completed in 2006 to transport Dar blend
crude oil from the central processing facility at al-Jabalyn in Blocks 3
and 7 to the marine terminal in Bashair 2 on the Red Sea coast. The
pipeline’s length is 1400 km with a diameter of 32 inches, and the
maximum capacity is 500 KBOPD.
b. Petroleum products pipelines:
- Port Sudan – Khartoum Petroleum Products Pipeline; completed in 1976
to transport imported petroleum products from Port Sudan terminal to
Khartoum. The length of the pipeline is approximately 815 km, with a
diameter of 8 inches, and capacity of 600 thousand metric tons annually.
Due to the construction of the Khartoum Refinery, the pipeline was
redesigned in 2000 to operate in two trains (al-Jayli – Port Sudan and al-
Jayli – Al Shajara).
- MoGas transportation pipeline Khartoum – Port Sudan; completed in
2005. The length of the pipeline is approximately 741 km, with a
diameter of 12 inches, and capacity of 800 thousand metric tons annually.
Major oil refineries:
Khartoum Refinery: A complex refinery was constructed in 2000 to refine 56
thousand barrels per day. A major expansion took place at 2006 it increased its
refining capacity to 98 thousand barrels per day.
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El Obied Refinery: A simple refinery was constructed in 1996 with a designed
capacity of 15 thousand barrels per day.
Marine terminals
There are two marine terminals at the Red Sea:
- Bashair (1) is used for exporting the Nile Blend produced from Blocks
1,2&4 and Block 5A.
- Bashair (2) to export Dar blend produced from Blocks 3&7. This
transportation system is now used for crude oil produced presently in
South Sudan.
Storage facilities:
The total storage capacity of petroleum products is approximately around 900
thousand cubic meters. The storage facilities are owned by the Government 71%
and the private marketing companies own about 29%. Work under way to
construct additional storage facilities in order to meet the increasing petroleum
consumption.
Central petroleum laboratories:
Was established in 2000 to provide a long list of technical services to SPC and
other companies in Sudan. Most of the services are provided to operating
companies within the petroleum sector. Also it provides services to customers in
other industries demanding geological or chemical expertise.
Training centers:
There are 4 training centers specialized in the petroleum industry, namely the
Petroleum Training Center, Petroleum Technical Center, GNPOC Training Center
and KRC Training Center. These centers were established during the period of
2000-2013 as specialized institutes to provide training in various aspects of the
petroleum sector.
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MOPG affiliate companies:
Sudapet Petroleum Company:
Was established in 1997 as a technical arm of the Ministry of Petroleum in it was
designed to be the national petroleum operating company.
Nile Petroleum Company:
Was founded in 1954. It works in marketing field of petroleum products in Sudan
in 2013 the company had been fully awarded by the government.
Sudanese Petroleum Pipeline Company:
Was founded in 1977 and is a state-owned commercial entity responsible for the
operation and maintenance of the pipelines in addition to the establishment of
warehouses and facilities necessary for the company's pipeline construction,
operation and management of its power plants.
Petrotrans Company:
was incorporated in 1983. Shareholders include the Sudanese Petroleum
Corporation, Nile Petroleum Company, Sudanese Petroleum Pipeline Company
and Elobeid Refinery Company. Petrotrans is the only state-owned company
engaged in the transportation of fuel and petroleum products.
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Chapter II
The role of oil sector in the economy
In 1999 Sudan had started oil production and exportation since then and up
to 2011 the flow of oil revenues resulted in a rapid economic growth. The
Government's share of oil revenues was increased rapidly; also oil had a significant
positive impact on the country’s balance of trade. The analysis of the impact of oil
will focus on the period after the secession of South Sudan on July 2011 so it will
concentrate on the period 2012-2014 which could be illustrated in the following
points:
Oil contribution on government revenues& GDP: The revenues generated from the oil sector were the most important
contributor to Sudan’s economy till the secession of South Sudan on July 2011 and
the subsequent loss of about 75 percent of the country’s petroleum resources. In
spite of that oil revenues still plays a significant role in the public revenues it
contributes about 12% of the total national revenues in 2014.The Government also
has made use of oil revenues to support local refineries to produce petroleum
products, to satisfy the domestic petroleum needs as an energy security strategy
Due to many factors including the secession of Southern Sudan, global financial
crisis and economic sanctions oil contribution on GDP has declined as it shown in
table and charts below.
Table (1): Oil contribution on government budget& GDP (M/SDG)
item 2011 2012 2013 2014
Total Government revenues: 22,766.9 22,168.1 34,311.5 51,215.0
Oil revenue 6,506.9 4,241.0 6,368.8 6,087.5
Others revenue 16,260.0 17,927.1 27,942.7 45,127.5
Oil revenue(% total Revenue) 29% 19% 19% 12%
Others revenue (% total Revenue) 71% 81% 81% 88%
GDP /current prices 186,689.9 243,412.8 342,803.3 475,827.7
Real GDP Growth Rate (%) 2.8% 2% 3.6% 4.4%
Non oil revenue (%GDP) 8.71% 7.36% 8.15% 9.48%
Oil revenues (% GDP) 3.5% 1.7% 1.9% 1.3%
Government Revenues (% GDP) 12% 9% 10% 11%
Reference: Annual Reports, Central Bank of Sudan
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Chart (1) oil contribution on government revenue 2011-2014
Chart (2) oil/others contribution to GDP 2011-2014
Oil impact on balance of payment:
Petroleum exports played an important role through filling the gap of foreign
currency and maintaining the trade balance, the share of Petroleum exports
declined from 76% in 2011 to 24% in 2012 and reached 29% in 2014. Table (2).
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
2011 2012 2013 2014
29%
19% 19%12%
71%
81% 81%88%
Oil revenue(% total Revenue) Others revenue (% total Revenue)
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
2011 2012 2013 2014Real GDP Growth Rate (%) Oil revenues (% GDP) non oil revenue (%GDP)
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Table (2): Oil Exports during the period (2011-2014) (US$ Millions)
Item 2011 2012 2013 2014
Trade Balance 1,471.4 4,056.2- 3,938.2- 3,755.7- Total Exports (FOB) 9,598.6 4,066.5 4,789.7 4,350.2 Oil Exports 7,304.4 955.0 1,716.5 1,254.1 Others exports 2,294.2 3,111.5 3,073.2 3,096.1 Total Imports (FOB): 8,127.2 8,122.7 8,727.9 8,105.9 Oil share in exports 76.1% 23.5% 35.8% 28.8% Others share in export 23.9% 76.5% 64.2% 71.2%
Reference: Annual Reports, Central Bank of Sudan
Chart (3): Oil Exports during the period (2011-2014)
The above tables and charts show some of the economic achievement during the
period (2012-2014) influenced by economic sanctions accumulated with weak
financial and technical assistances from the international community beside the
domestic constrains.
Oil importance for other core economic sectors:
Oil sector plays a prominent role in some other economic sectors such as
electricity, transports, and agriculture through providing their needs of fuel as an
essential input for performance and these sectors are closely connected to the
people’s activities.
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
2011 2012 2013 2014
Exports (FOB) Petroleum exports
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63%
13%
9%
8% 5% 2%the sectoral consumption of petroleum 2014
Transport Sector
Industry sector
Agriculture sector
Househoold Sector
Electricity Sector
Electricity sector:
Electricity generation in the Sudan depends on two main sources; the hydro
generation which represents about 16% of the total generation of power and the
thermal generation represents about 80% and depends fully on the crude
oil/petroleum products to generate power. The demand of the petroleum products
depends on the level of consumption and the availability of petroleum products.
During the period 2012-2014 the sector consumes an average of 10% of the total
national consumption of petroleum products in Sudan. The household sector is the
biggest consumer of electricity in Sudan which consumed around 51% of the total
consumption of electricity in the country, table (3).
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Table (3) Electricity consumption, mid of 2014
Consumption (%) Sector
51.38% Household
15.86% Industry
15.18% Commercial
4.61% Agriculture
13.15% Service
100% Total
Reference: Ministry of Electricity &Water Resource
Chart (4) Sectoral distribution of Electricity consumption in Sudan, 2014
Agricultural sector:
Agricultural sector remains the most dynamic source of growth to the economy,
and provides a livelihood to approximately two thirds of the population. The sector
contributes to GDP about 30.5%, 28.2% in 2013 and 2014 respectively, and also
the sector has a significant share in export which represents about 45% of the total
exports in 2014.The average consumption of the gasoil during the period 2012-
51%
16%
15%
5%
13%
Household Industry Commercial Agriculture Service
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2011 2012 2013 2014
others sectors transport sector
2014 is about 5% of the total national consumption of petroleum products.
Recently government depends on agriculture as a key to delivering growth, poverty
reduction, and achieving sustainable development.
Transport sector:
Transport sector has a vital role in various aspects of life and most of the economic
activities depend on it in providing transport services for people, goods and
services. The sector is the largest consumers of petroleum products, during the
period 2012-2014 the sector consumed an average of 70% of the total national
consumption of petroleum products.
Among the different modes of transportation roads transport provides over 90
percent of inland transport services including paved and unpaved roads for all
types of roads national high ways, state roads, and urban roads, roads transport is
the most important tool for citizens in performing their activities.
Chart (5) Consumption of transport sector of petroleum products 2011-2014
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During the period (2011-2014), the total consumption of the three sectors
represented an average of 85% of the total national consumption of petroleum
products, and contributed an average of 47% to GDP in 2014.
It’s clear that the negative impact of USA economic sanctions on oil sector have a
chain negative impact on the core sectors which affected the welfare.
OIL IMPORTANCE OF POPULATION NEEDS:
It’s clear that any negative impact of economic sanctions on oil sector will
have a chain negative impact on the core sectors this will lead to a huge impact on
human basic needs because as it was explain in the chart below there is about 67%
of population livelihood are secured by the agricultural sector, 90% of the
Transport facilities used by public/private citizens, 51% of the electricity
consumed by Household sector and 100% of the LPG consumed by the household
for (cooking & bakery).
70%
5%
10%
15%
Transports Agricutural Electricity others
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Chapter III
Impact of sanctions on oil industry in Sudan
Economic sanctions on Sudan:
Economic Sanctions are domestic penalties applied by one country (or group
of countries) on another country (or group of countries).Economic sanctions
may include various forms of trade barriers and restrictions on financial
transactions. These sanctions may be imposed because of variety of political
and social issues and they do not necessary to be imposed for economic
reasons.
In 1993 Sudan has been calcified by United States as a terrorist country which
paved the way for imposing number of economic sanctions. The first economic
sanctions has been imposed on Sudan by Clinton’s administration on
3/11/1997 according to the Executive Order (E.O 13067) which imposed a
comprehensive trade embargo on Sudan and blocked the assets of the
Government of Sudan, then George W. Bush administration imposed new
economic sanctions on Sudan on 26/4/2006 according to the Executive Order
(E.O.13400), after that Obama’s administration extended those sanctions on
November 2011, and they have been extended early up to now.
Terms of economic sanctions on Sudan:
- Importation into the United Sates of any goods or services.
- Exportation or re-exportation, directly or indirectly, to Sudan of any goods or
services, technology (including technical data, software, or others
information).
- Facilitation by a U.S person including but not limited to brokering activities.
- Performance by any U.S. person, entity of any contract, in support of an
industrial, commercial, public utility, or government project in Sudan.
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- Grant or extension of credits or loans by any U.S. person, entity to the
Government of Sudan.
- Transaction by any U.S. person or within the United States that evades or
avoids, or has the purpose of evading or avoiding, or attempts to violate, any
of the prohibitions set forth above.
- Any dealing with the Government of Sudan, person acting on their behalf,
private persons or entities located in those countries, and some cases citizens
of those countries located abroad.
- All transactions by U.S. persons relating to the petroleum or petrochemical
industries in Sudan, including, but not limited to, oilfield services and oil or
gas pipelines.
Undeclared economic sanctions from other countries resulted of reputation:
Despite the fact that sanctions have been imposed by United States, but they
had been expanded to be implemented by other Western Countries,
international and regional financial institutions and banks which have
common interests with USA. As result of this, the umbrella of sanctions had
expanded resulting in multiple negative impacts on the entire country.
Impact of sanctions on oil industry in Sudan:
Sanctions have had multiple negative impacts on the core economic sectors and the
whole economy performance. Oil sector is the most affected one due to its nature.
Sanctions affected petroleum industry in terms of technology, quality, cost, human
resource…etc.
Impact on financial transactions:
Sanctions had led to serious difficulties and constrains faced mainly MOPG,
operating companies, services companies etc… in terms of financial transactions
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which affected the sector performance significantly. Moreover, any attempt to
avoid these implications resulted in additional cost of money and time. Some of
these restrictions are presented below:
- Deprivation of funds from international and regional financial institutions
which caused shortage in foreign currency.
- Difficulties in opening Letters of Credit, providing an advance payment, and
transactions in U.S dollar currency, which represents profit / loss problems
due to exchange rate.
- Restrictions & penalties on international companies and banks such as
European banks (e.g: HSBC) which force them to freeze transactions with
Sudan.
- The Government had been forced to confine its financial transactions to
specific companies, banks and bilateral protocols which impose unfair
conditions such as high interest rate, premium and price.
- Most of the international insurance companies have stopped dealing with
Sudan, which complicated the trade and services processes.
Impact on the information and software technology:
- USA acts as a main source of hardware and software technologies that
related to petroleum industry. Sanctions prevented the country from
benefiting from these advanced technologies.( such as HP, Oracle and
HITACHI) and that affected the sector significantly.
- Absence of the above-mentioned (U.S and Western companies) forced the
sector to provide the required technologies from third parties at higher price
and without guarantees or after sale services and spare parts.
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- Restrictions on technical equipment and software affected the goal for
maintaining good quality through usage of advanced technologies, and any
solution for such problems compromises quality assurance and control.
Impact on upstream and downstream operations:
- Several international companies dealing in exploration and production
operations had left Sudan such as Talisman and Marathon companies.
Consequently, the country had been deprived from excellent quality of
services.
- Absence of some of American and Western companies which used to
provide techniques that could have helped raising the recovery factor from
10% up to 30%. These techniques have long become out of reach for Sudan.
Impact on human resources and capacity building:
- Difficulty in obtaining training in USA and other Westerns institutions
which have higher quality, vast experience and international certification.
- Deprivation of hiring professional expertise from USA and Westerns
countries which would reduce cost, save time, and improve operations...etc
- Losing chances to get support, scholarships and other forms of technical
assistance from USA and Western institutions, and universities specialized
in oil industry.
- Hindering national training centers in oil sector from offering international
certification in order to reach the regional and international levels.
- Restriction on accessing specific websites or downloading software for
training purposes or participating in exhibitions, conferences and any events
related to oil industry.
Costs, risks and losses due to sanctions: Quantitative measures:
(1) The impact of Oil recovery Factor:
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The sanction procedure which used the embargo of technologe to Sudan and
withdraw of the US oil companies from Sudan, These procedures led to
insufficient fulfillment of our pan because it make us only capable to discover
oil with only 13% as a recovery factor (RF) out of 30% as we planed from the
beginning.
year Oil planned production
(MBBL)
Actual production
(MBBL)
Losses due to sanction of technology & others
Financial losses
(M dollars) 1999-2015 2,625.20 2,157.72 467.48 23,514.12
- This percentage (13.2%) is almost fixed for more than 16 years.
- Sanctions denied the country from using advanced technologies which is
available in USA and other Western countries.
- The total loses of upstream during the period is about 23.5 billion barrels.
(2) Pulling Out of Schlumberger Company:
- The company had a contract to provide drilling services (DD/MWD/LWD &
borehole survey) for GNPOC using advanced technical tools.
- In July 2014, the company expressed their inability to accept renewal of the
contract due to tightening of us sanctions and embargo. Accordingly, they
pulled out from Sudan on 4th of February 2015.
- The value of the lost contract was 368 million Euro.
- In order to mitigate the situation, a new bid for using advanced technical
tools was opened but without generating any response due to the sanctions.
- Some of the oil wells were left in mid of the drilling process leaving little
hopes to find a contractor to complete them.
(3) Chemical Supplies Companies
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- During the period (2004-2015), and due to the sanctions, many companies
which were delivering chemical supplies for oil production processes have
stopped working mainly with GNPOC.
- Exaples: Beaker Petor Lite (France), Nalco Chemical Company (USA), MI
Chemical Company (UK), Champion Chemical company (UK), and CECA
Chemical Company- (France/Egypt).
- The withdrawal of these companies caused serious problem for the oil
processing units forcing them to use less chemical qualities which resulted in
a significant decrease in the levels of oil production.
(4) Imported Petroleum Products:
- The USA sanctions had narrowed the country opportunities to benefit from
the finance and funds of international financial institutions to facilitate
importation process and minimize the selection chances of companies which
can offer good financial terms.
- In other words, the government was forced to import petroleum products at
high premium and consequently higher costs.
- In order to bridge the gap between the low level of local production and the
increasing local consumption, the quantity of imported gasoil has increased
from 624 thousand /M/Ton in 2012 to 1.3 million /M/Ton in 2014.
- The study shows losses amounting to 252 million US dollar as additional
cost should be paid to mediators, brokers and the third parties.
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Cost due to sanctions on imported petroleum products (2013-2015)
year/ item
(a)
Price
(deferred
payment )
$/M/Ton
(b)
Price (spot
payment)
$/M/Ton
( a-b)
(c)
Avg./cargo/QTY M/
ton
(d)
Cargo
numbers
(a-b)*(c)*(d)
total cost
due to
sanction /M$
Gasoil
2013 1,000 940 60 39,000 6 14,040
2014 1,100 960 140 39,000 23 125,580
2015
(August) 722 588 134 39,000 18 94,068
Sub total
233,688
Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)
2014 1,165 987 178 4,273 19 14,451,286
2015
(August) 712 588 124 5,000 6 3720000
Sub
total 18,171,286
Total
251,859,286
(5) Sudanese petroleum pipeline company operations (SPPC):
- Sanctions affected SPPC operations notably with regard to maintaining
sustainable level of performance for the pipelines, machines and
equipments. The additional cost to be paid amounted to 33% of the total
cost.
- These additional costs were made to mediators, brokers and the third
parties that SPPC forced to go through in order to obtain these materials.
- Additionally, sanctions affected the company’s future projects plans, as it
had to avoid choosing companies that fall under the umbrella of
sanctions. Such procedures come against the fair competition, quality
assurance, and time saving.
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Item Actual cost cost due to sanction
(M. dollars) Total cost
Replacement cost* 4,163 1,788 5,951
Pipeline main units spare parts 4,500 3,000 7,500
Hadeeda project 4,510 1,667 6,177
Total 13,173 6,455 19,627
Additional costs due to sanctions 33%
*Include station control system, Scada System, Diesel machines replacement pipeline 8"
- On the other hand, nowadays pipelines represent an important source of
revenue for the government through the processing and transportation
fees paid by Republic of South Sudan (RSS) and the foreign partners to
transport oil produced from blocks located in RSS .The government
made use of such revenue to enhance the general budget, support local
refineries and offsetting some of the contractors’ arrears. The revenue
generated from this source represents about 32% of the general budget in
2014. Continuous sanctions will affect the ability to maintain sustainable
performance for the pipelines and others facilities related to them which
put this important source of revenue on a risk.
Conclusion:
- The continuous American sanctions affected the economic performance
through its negative impact on the oil sector which used to be one of the
most important sectors.
- Due to sanctions, oil sector faced many challenges while attempting to
sustain its growth and the chain negative impacts had their effects on
accessing advanced technologies, funds, capacity building of human
resources and even the welfare.
- The total estimated cost due to sanctions in oil sector is amounted to 23.8
billion USD.
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- References:
1. Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (IPRSP), MOFNE, April 2012.
2. Sudan’s Country Paper, 10th
Arab Energy Conference, UAE, December 2014.
3. Review of Current Petroleum Policy Practices and Overview of New Policy,
Sudanese Norwegian Protocol. April 2015
4. Annual Reports, Central Bank of Sudan, 2010 -2014.
5. Annual budget Reports, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, 2010-
2014.
6. Study of Economics of petroleum products Demand, MOPG, 2012.
7. Study of Sudan petroleum products, PSF- MOPG 2015.
8. Periodical Reports of Downstream, Upstream and SD directorates.
9. Diagnostic Trade Integration Study DTIS (Update) –Republic of Sudan,
prepared by World Bank Group, October 2014.
10. Interim Debt Reports, MOPG.