Post on 12-Aug-2020
Impact of ethanol and butanol as oxygenates on SIDI engine efficiency and emissions using steady-state and transient test procedures
Thomas Wallner, Neeraj Shidore, Andrew IckesArgonne National Laboratory
16th Directions in Engine-Efficiency and Emissions Research (DEER) ConferenceDetroit, Michigan September 27-30, 2010
Acknowledgements
Co-Authors– Thomas Wallner
– Neeraj Shidore
Support and assistance from the Department of Energy– Connie Bezanson
– Lee Slezak
– Kevin Stork
– Gupreet Singh
Impact of ethanol and butanol as oxygenates on SIDI engine efficiency and emissions using steady-state and transient test procedures
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Background & Motivation
Impact of ethanol and butanol as oxygenates on SIDI engine efficiency and emissions using steady-state and transient test procedures
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0
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2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
Prod
ucti
on (B
Gal
./ye
ar) Ethanol
Advanced Biofuels
U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard requires an increase of ethanol and advanced biofuels to 36 billion gallons by 2022.
Iso-Butanol as possible advanced biofuel?
Adapted from: Renewable Fuels Standard (Federal Register, 75(58))
Objectives
Impact of ethanol and butanol as oxygenates on SIDI engine efficiency and emissions using steady-state and transient test procedures
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Assess the potential of blending gasoline with several alcohol fuels for use in a gasoline direct injection (DI) spark ignition (SI) engine.
Evaluate the effect of ethanol and butanoladdition on regulated and non-regulated emissions compared to gasoline baseline.
Utilize Engine Hardware-In-Loop capability to characterize emissions trends over a simulated test cycle.
Fuel Specifications
Impact of ethanol and butanol as oxygenates on SIDI engine efficiency and emissions using steady-state and transient test procedures
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Gasoline Ethanol iso-ButanolChemical formula C4 - C12 C2H5OH C4H9OHComposition (C, H, O) Mass-% 86, 14, 0 52, 13, 35 65, 13.5, 21.5Lower heating value MJ/kg 42.7 26.8 33.1Density kg/m3 715 - 765 790 802Octane number ((R+M)/2) - 90 100 103Stoichiometric air/fuel ratio - 14.7 9.0 11.2Latent heat of vaporization kJ/kg 380 – 500 919 686
Ethanol BlendsFuel Oxygen
(%-mass) Butanol Blends
E10 3.7 iso-But16E50 18 iso-But83
Constant oxygen mass content
Blend lower heating valuesGasoline: 42 MJ/kgE10/B16: 41 MJ/kgE50/B83: 35 MJ/kg
Experimental Methods – Steady State Testing
Impact of ethanol and butanol as oxygenates on SIDI engine efficiency and emissions using steady-state and transient test procedures
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Opel 2.2 l Ecotec Direct (GM L850)
SIDI 4-Cylinder Engine, no VVA
ECU calibrated for gasoline
Emissions measurement
Horiba MEXA Model 7100D-EGR
AVL Sesam FTIR
Typical vehicle operating points
Constant speed
Constant load
Constant power
Engine-out (no TWC) emissions
Regulated Emissions
Impact of ethanol and butanol as oxygenates on SIDI engine efficiency and emissions using steady-state and transient test procedures
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0 5 10 15 20
NO
xEm
issi
ons
(g/k
Whr
)
Oxygen Content (Mass-%)
Typical standard deviation less than 0.26 g/kWhr
Operating Points3000 rpm, 4 bar2000 rpm, 2 bar
1500 rpm, 2.62 bar2000 rpm, 6 bar3000 rpm, 8 bar1500 rpm, 8 bar
Ethanol blendsiso-Butanol blends
NOx decreases with increasing fuel alcohol and oxygen content
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Rel
ativ
e C
once
ntra
tion
(% v
ol.) Toluene (C7H8)
iso-Butanol (C4H10O)n-Butane (C4H10) Propene (C3H6)Ethanol (C2H6O)Acetaldehyde (C2H4O)Ethane (C2H6)Ethene (C2H4)Acetylene (C2H2)Formaldehyde (CH2O)Methane (CH4)0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Rel
ativ
e C
once
ntra
tion
(% v
ol.) Toluene (C7H8)
iso-Butanol (C4H10O)n-Butane (C4H10) Propene (C3H6)Ethanol (C2H6O)Acetaldehyde (C2H4O)Ethane (C2H6)Ethene (C2H4)Acetylene (C2H2)Formaldehyde (CH2O)Methane (CH4)
Speciated Hydrocarbons (from FTIR)
Impact of ethanol and butanol as oxygenates on SIDI engine efficiency and emissions using steady-state and transient test procedures
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1500 rpm, 2.62 bar BMEP
Formaldehyde Emissions
Impact of ethanol and butanol as oxygenates on SIDI engine efficiency and emissions using steady-state and transient test procedures
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100
200
300
400
500
0 5 10 15 20Oxygen content (Mass-%)
HC
HO
Em
issi
ons
(mg/
kWh)
Typical standard deviation less than 14 mg/kWhr
Dec
reas
ing
Load
Operating Points2000 rpm, 2 bar
1500 rpm, 2.62 bar3000 rpm, 4 bar2000 rpm, 6 bar3000 rpm, 8 bar1500 rpm, 8 bar
Ethanol blendsiso-Butanol blends
Increased formaldehye with iso-butanol blends, but not with ethanol blends
Acetaldehyde Emissions
Impact of ethanol and butanol as oxygenates on SIDI engine efficiency and emissions using steady-state and transient test procedures
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200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 5 10 15 20Oxygen content (Mass-%)
MeC
HO
Emis
sion
s (m
g/kW
h)
Typical standard deviation less than 32 mg/kWhr
Ethanol blendsiso-Butanol blends
Operating Points2000 rpm, 2 bar
1500 rpm, 2.62 bar3000 rpm, 4 bar3000 rpm, 8 bar2000 rpm, 6 bar1500 rpm, 8 bar
Dec
reas
ing
Load
Increased acetaldehye with both ethanol and iso-butanol blends
Engine Hardware-In-Loop Concept
Impact of ethanol and butanol as oxygenates on SIDI engine efficiency and emissions using steady-state and transient test procedures
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AutonomieVirtual Vehicle
(dSPACE)
Speed, Torque
Throttle
Speed
Dynamometer
2005 Opel Vectra2.2 L Ecotec DI
Automatic (5-sp.)
NEDCCold/hot start
System ValidationCycle Fuel Consumption,
Emissions Mass, Species Behavior
Emissions sampling
Driving Cycle Engine ResponseEmissions &
Fuel EconomyVehicle Model
GasolineE50
Iso-But83
GasolineValidation
Experimental Methods: Engine HIL Testing
Impact of ethanol and butanol as oxygenates on SIDI engine efficiency and emissions using steady-state and transient test procedures
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Vehicle Engine HIL
ECE-15 11.3 12.4
EUDC 6.1 6.5
NEDC 8.0 8.7
l/100km l/100km
Fuel ConsumptionEuro 4 Engine HIL
NOx > 0.1 0.02 ± 0.01
CO > 1 0.7 ± 0.2
HC > 0.068 0.03 ± 0.01
g/km g/km
Emissions
050010001500200025003000350040004500500055006000
-120-100
-80-60-40-20
020406080
100120
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Engi
ne S
peed
(RPM
)
Sim
ulat
ed V
ehic
le
Spee
d (k
m/h
r)
Cycle Time (s)
0
2
4
6
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10
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NEDC ECE-15s EUDC
GasolineE50iso-But83
Vol.
Fuel
Con
sum
ptio
n (l/
100
km)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
NEDC ECE-15s EUDC
GasolineE50iso-But83
Tota
l Ene
rgy
Con
sum
ptio
n (M
J)
Cycle Fuel and Energy Consumption
Impact of ethanol and butanol as oxygenates on SIDI engine efficiency and emissions using steady-state and transient test procedures
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Hot-start cycles, integrated fuel flow
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
NOx THC CO
NED
C C
ycle
Em
issi
ons
(g/k
m) Gasoline
E50iso-But83
Euro IV Limit Euro IV
Euro IV Limit
Total Cycle Emissions Mass
Impact of ethanol and butanol as oxygenates on SIDI engine efficiency and emissions using steady-state and transient test procedures
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NEDC, cold-start, post-TWC emissions
010002000300040005000600070008000
0 15 30 45 60
HC
Em
issi
ons
(ppm
)
Time (s)
GasolineE50iso-But83
Formaldehyde Emissions: Hot-Start, Pre-TWC
Impact of ethanol and butanol as oxygenates on SIDI engine efficiency and emissions using steady-state and transient test procedures
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0 30 60 90 120 150 180
HC
HO
Em
issi
ons
(ppm
)
ECE-15 Cycle Time (s)
Gasoline E50 iso-But83
1st urban cycle of NEDC, hot-start, pre-TWC emissions
Formaldehyde Emissions: Cold-Start, Post-TWC
Impact of ethanol and butanol as oxygenates on SIDI engine efficiency and emissions using steady-state and transient test procedures
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Gasoline E50 iso-But83Cycle mass HCHO emitted (mg/km) 1.5 2.0 7.0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
HC
HO
Em
issi
ons
(ppm
)
Cycle Time (s)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 10 20 30 40
HC
HO
Em
issi
ons
(ppm
)
Cycle Time (s)
GasolineE50iso-But83
Acetaldehyde Emissions: Hot-Start, Pre-TWC
Impact of ethanol and butanol as oxygenates on SIDI engine efficiency and emissions using steady-state and transient test procedures
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
MeC
HO
Emis
sion
s (p
pm)
ECE-15 Cycle Time (s)
Gasoline E50 iso-But83
1st urban cycle of NEDC, hot-start, pre-TWC emissions
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
MeC
HO
Em
issi
ons
(ppm
)
Cycle Time (s)
Acetaldehyde Emissions: Cold-Start, Post-TWC
Impact of ethanol and butanol as oxygenates on SIDI engine efficiency and emissions using steady-state and transient test procedures
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Gasoline E50 iso-But83Cycle mass MeCHO emitted (mg/km) 10 40 110
050
100150200250300350400450
0 15 30 45 60
MeC
HO
Em
issi
ons
(ppm
)
Cycle Time (s)
GasolineE50isoBut83
Conclusions & Future Opportunities
Both ethanol and iso-butanol blends reduced cycle mass emissions of NOx and CO, and yield comparable cycle energy consumption.
Blends of gasoline and iso-butanol increase both acetaldehyde and formaldehyde emissions, while ethanol-gasoline blends increase acetaldehyde emissions, but not significantly formaldehyde.
Aldehyde emissions are eliminated in an active (warm) three-way catalyst: cycle aldehyde emissions stem from initial cold-start phase.
Improved cold-start engine operation with high-alcohol fuels (including iso-butanol blends) is critical for meeting emissions targets
Future exploration opportunities include particulate matter characterization from alcohol fuels utilizing engine HIL.
Impact of ethanol and butanol as oxygenates on SIDI engine efficiency and emissions using steady-state and transient test procedures
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Impact of ethanol and butanol as oxygenates on SIDI engine efficiency and emissions using steady-state and transient test procedures
Thomas Wallner, Neeraj Shidore, Andrew IckesArgonne National Laboratory
16th Directions in Engine-Efficiency and Emissions Research (DEER) ConferenceDetroit, Michigan September 27-30, 2010