Post on 01-Jan-2016
Immune SystemImmune System
Body’s way to maintain Body’s way to maintain homeostasis (balance)homeostasis (balance)
Pathogens- anything that causes Pathogens- anything that causes illness in our bodies illness in our bodies
Enter the body through many waysEnter the body through many ways The pathogens that cause the most The pathogens that cause the most
common illnesses are bacteria and common illnesses are bacteria and virusvirus
BacteriaBacteria
Are small living cellsAre small living cells Cause illnesses by damaging cells Cause illnesses by damaging cells
and produce toxinsand produce toxins
We need some bacteria to keep us We need some bacteria to keep us healthy (in the digestive tract)healthy (in the digestive tract)
BACTERIABACTERIA
Staphylococcus aureus
Syphilis
Streptococcus
VirusesViruses
Are NOT CELLS!!!!Are NOT CELLS!!!! They are DNA with a protein shellThey are DNA with a protein shell Very, very smallVery, very small Damage your cells by injecting their Damage your cells by injecting their
DNA into your cells…This causes DNA into your cells…This causes your cells to explodeyour cells to explode
VIRUSVIRUS
Influenza
HIV
Other PathogensOther Pathogens
FUNGIFUNGI
Athlete’s Foot
Ringworm
PARASITE/PROTOZOANPARASITE/PROTOZOAN
Tapeworm Malaria
11stst line of defense line of defense
The skinThe skin ““you are not getting past me”you are not getting past me”
Also sweat, tears, saliva, membrane Also sweat, tears, saliva, membrane linings, mucus stomach, urine (body linings, mucus stomach, urine (body fluids)fluids)
SkinSkin Protective envelop for the bodyProtective envelop for the body
Bodily fluidsBodily fluids Chemicals in the fluids kill bacteriaChemicals in the fluids kill bacteria Helps flush the bacteria awayHelps flush the bacteria away
MucusMucus Traps the pathogens which then can be Traps the pathogens which then can be
removed from the bodyremoved from the body
Lab # “Snot”Lab # “Snot”
S- How does mucus work to protect S- How does mucus work to protect your body?your body?
P-P- I-Materials:I-Materials:
Gelatin, water, corn syrup, spoon and dustGelatin, water, corn syrup, spoon and dust Instructions:Instructions:
Add 50 ml hot water to gelatinAdd 50 ml hot water to gelatin Add 50 ml of corn syrupAdd 50 ml of corn syrup MixMix Add substances Add substances
C-C-
Description of what Description of what happenshappens
LiquidLiquid
DustDust
Large Large ParticlesParticles
E- EvaluateE- Evaluate Describe what you did in this lab Describe what you did in this lab
activity (2 sentences). activity (2 sentences). Describe how is mucus helpful in Describe how is mucus helpful in
protecting your body?protecting your body?
22ndnd line of defense line of defense
Inflammatory ResponseInflammatory Response When pathogens make it through the When pathogens make it through the
first line of defense your body responds first line of defense your body responds by trying to get rid of the pathogenby trying to get rid of the pathogen
Signs of inflammatory responseSigns of inflammatory response
Swelling, redness, warmth and painSwelling, redness, warmth and pain
What is actually happeningWhat is actually happening
The body sends out signals to cells- The body sends out signals to cells- WHITE BLOOD CELLS (phagocytes)WHITE BLOOD CELLS (phagocytes) Neutrophils Neutrophils MacrophagesMacrophages Attack and eat the pathogen causes pusAttack and eat the pathogen causes pus
33rdrd line of defense line of defense
The immune system- gets awakenedThe immune system- gets awakened Recognizes, attacks, destroys and Recognizes, attacks, destroys and
remembers the pathogenremembers the pathogen
The players…The players…
Memory Memory cells remember the cells remember the pathogenpathogen
AntibodiesAntibodies are made to attack the are made to attack the pathogenpathogen
They attach to the pathogen and They attach to the pathogen and inactivate itinactivate it
Antigens Antigens are possible pathogensare possible pathogens
Active immunity or Natural Active immunity or Natural immunityimmunity
Active immunity comes from first Active immunity comes from first hand experience with the diseasehand experience with the disease
Produces antibodies or T-CellsProduces antibodies or T-Cells
Get sick or vaccineGet sick or vaccine
Passive immunityPassive immunity
Get it from someone else like the Get it from someone else like the mother to the babymother to the baby
Vaccines and immunizationsVaccines and immunizations
Prevent your body from getting sick. Prevent your body from getting sick. Involves injecting dead pathogens into Involves injecting dead pathogens into
your body. your body. Your body responds to attack themYour body responds to attack them They can not harm you because they They can not harm you because they
dead but your body does not know that.dead but your body does not know that. Your memory cells will remember these Your memory cells will remember these
cells so that if you get the pathogen for cells so that if you get the pathogen for real your body will respondreal your body will respond
Spread of diseasesSpread of diseases
How do diseases get spread?How do diseases get spread? Some through air, contact, and bodily Some through air, contact, and bodily
fluidsfluids Each disease is a little differentEach disease is a little different
Spread of diseaseSpread of disease
Mini-Lab: One person in the room will Mini-Lab: One person in the room will be “infected” with a disease. You will be “infected” with a disease. You will exchange fluid with three people. This exchange fluid with three people. This exercise will show how easy it is for a exercise will show how easy it is for a disease to spread among populations. disease to spread among populations.
S- How easy is it for a disease to S- How easy is it for a disease to spread?spread?
P-(How many people do you think will P-(How many people do you think will be infected?)be infected?)
I- I- Materials: test tube, solution, pipette, indicatorMaterials: test tube, solution, pipette, indicator Procedures: You will exchange fluid with 3 Procedures: You will exchange fluid with 3
people in the classroom record who you people in the classroom record who you exchanged withexchanged with
C- C- Infected start: 1Infected start: 1 Fluid Exchange 1______________Fluid Exchange 1______________ Fluid Exchange 2______________Fluid Exchange 2______________ Fluid Exchange 3______________Fluid Exchange 3______________ Your status_____________Your status_____________ Infected end:____________Infected end:____________
E- E- Describe what happened to the Describe what happened to the
number of people infected?number of people infected? How easily is it for some of the How easily is it for some of the
diseases to be transmitted?diseases to be transmitted? Why is it important to use protection Why is it important to use protection
when engaging in sex?when engaging in sex?
HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS
AIDS is caused by the Human AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency VirusImmunodeficiency Virus
30 million people have been infected30 million people have been infected There is no vaccineThere is no vaccine There is no known cureThere is no known cure
HIVHIV
Is a virus that injects its DNA into Is a virus that injects its DNA into healthy host (human) cellshealthy host (human) cells
HIV can remain dormant for many HIV can remain dormant for many yearsyears
HIV targets cells responsible for HIV targets cells responsible for killing pathogens (T-Cells)killing pathogens (T-Cells)
Develops into AIDS- body can not Develops into AIDS- body can not defend itself against pathogensdefend itself against pathogens
AllergiesAllergies
Allergies are over reactions by the Allergies are over reactions by the immune system to harmless antigens immune system to harmless antigens or substancesor substances
Hayfever- reacts to the pollen, Hayfever- reacts to the pollen, creates increase in mucus and creates increase in mucus and histamineshistamines
Asthma- causes swelling of the Asthma- causes swelling of the bronchiolesbronchioles