Newer techniques

Immunohistochemistry

Case Scenario

Metastatic disease …. Where is the primary malignancy ?

IHC on Lymph node … metastatic cells positive for CDX2

Primary is in the colon

How is immunohistochemistry done ?

Principle is similar to ELISA

IHC guides therapy

IHC helps grade a tumor

Good ….….. Bad …….…Ugly

Help pick up organisms

Fluorescent in situ hybridisation

Case scenario

FISH helps identify disease defining translocations

Principle of FISH

FISH also guides therapy

Flow cytometry

Case scenario

CD34, CD10, CD19

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Principle of flow cytometry

Technical part

Sort stem cells for transplantation

Assess minimal residual disease in acute leukemia

Summarise

Questions ?