Post on 18-Jan-2017
Introducing pulses in rice fallows
of India
- constraints, opportunities and
action plan
Masood Ali
Former Director
ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research
Kanpur
• Introduction
• Characteristics of rice fallows
• Bio-physical , production and socio-economic
constraints
• Research & developmental efforts
• Opportunities
• Action plan
Outline
• Low-land, mono-cropped rice under rainfed eco-system
• Remain fallow during winter due to inadequate moisture /excessive moisture in surface soil at planting time of winter crops
Assam
Jharkhand
Rice fallows in India (11.65 million ha)
Eastern Region : 4.27 m ha Eastern U.P., Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal
North-east Hill Region: 0.54 m ha Assam
Central Region : 5.01 m ha Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra
Coastal region: 1.52 m ha Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu
Characteristics of Rice fallows
1. Eastern region (Eastern U.P., Bihar, Jharkhand and W.B.)
Hot dry, sub-humid, 1200-1700 mm rainfall
Excessive moisture, poor drainage, cool winter
Deep alluvial , loamy to silt clay, neutral to
slightly acidic
Deficient in O.C., P and Zn
Blue bull/Stray cattle
(Chickpea, Lentil, Lathyrus)
Bihar & Jharkhand
(37%)
Districts covering major area under rice fallow :Kisangang,
Sahibganj, Gaya, Aurangabad, Katihar, Dumka, Dhanbaad, Ranchi,
Purba Singbhum, Paschim Singhbhum, Hazaribagh, Bokaro, Gumla
West Bengal
(37%)
Districts covering major area under rice fallow :Purulia, Bankura,
Birbhum, Bardhaman, Medinipur, Murshidabad, South 24-Parganas,
Maldah, West Dinajpur, Jalpaiguri, Kochbihar
Humid tropical, 2000-2250 mm rainfall
Excessive moisture, water stagnation
Mild Winter
Clay rich, neutral to acidic soils
Soils deficient in O.C., P and micronutrients
(Urdbean , lentil, peas)
2. North-east region : Assam
District having large area under rice fallows
ASSAM
(24%)
Districts covering major area under rice fallow : Lakhimpur, Jorhat,
Sibsagar, Dibrugarh, Golaghat, Karbi Anglong, Nagaon, Maringnon
3. Central region (M.P, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra)
Hot/moist dry sub-humid, rainfall 1200-1400
mm
Early withdrawal of monssonal rains, lack of
soil moisture at planting time of rabi crops
Vertisols-montmorillonitic clay : mixed red and
black soils,, pH neutral to alkaline soils develop
cracks,
Winter mild to severe
Stray cattle
Districts covering major area under rice fallow : Surguja, Jashpur,
Raigarh, Raipur, Durg: Jabalpur, Seoni, Bolaghat,Damoh, Rania, Rewa,
Sidhi
MP & Chhattisgarh (78%)
4. Coastal Peninsula (A.P., T.N,. Karnataka and Odisha)
Sub-humid tropical, mild winter
Adequate moisture
DeepVertisols, rich in clay, mod.
alkaline (A.P.) to slightly acidic (Odisha)
Bimodal rains, 1000-1200 mm
Soils deficient in O.C., P and
micronutrients
(Urdbean and mungbean)
Districts covering major area under rice fallow : Krishna, East
Godavari, West Godavari, Guntur
Andhra Pradesh
Rice Fallows
Odisha
(31%)
Districts covering major area under rice fallow :Koraput, Kalabhandi,
Sambalpur, Sundergarh, Mayurbhanj, Bhadrak, Cuttock, Puri,
Dkenkanal, Kendrapada
Constraints in Rice fallows
A. Bio-physical
•Rainfed ecology
•High run-off and low moisture storage
•Water stagnation/excessive moisture in coastal
region and low residual moisture in central region
•Poor physical condition of top soil layer due to
puddling of rice field, develops deep cracks
•Low SOC content and poor microbial activity
B. Production constraints
•Narrow window for planting
•Lack of short duration and high yielding varieties
•Poor plant stand (poor soil-seed contact in relay sowing)
•No use of fertilizers/chemicals
•Severe weed infestation including parasitic weeds
•High incidence of diseases: PM & MYMV- urdbean and
mungbean, rust- lentil, wilt complex - chickpea
•Moisture stress and terminal drought
C. Socio-economic constraints
•Resource-poor farmers
•Lack of credit and market infrastructure
•Non-availability of critical inputs
•Scarcity of human labours after rice harvest
(migration to urban areas)
•Lack of mechanization/ draft power
•Stray cattle
• All India Coordinated Pulse Improvement Project, 1967
• AICRP on Mungbean, Urdbean, Lentil, Lathyrus, Rajmash
(French bean) and Peas, 1995
• Mitigating abiotic stresses and enhancing resource-use
efficiency in pulses in rice fallows , 2010
• National Food Security Mission, 2007
• Brainstorming meeting on rice fallows, 2013
NAAS- Policy Paper 64
Research & Developmental Efforts
NFSM funded projects-CG institutes
>ICRISAT: Enhancing chickpea production in rainfed rice
fallow land of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, 2008
• ICARDA: Expanding lentil production in Eastern and North-
eastern states under rice based production system in
India, 2010
• ICARDA: Enhancing grasspea production in Eastern and
North-eastern states under rice based production system
in India, 2010
Technologies in shelf
• Choice of crops/varieties
• Crop management practices
• Soil and water management practices
• Farm mechanization
Improved Varieties
Lentil:
HUL 57, moitree, NDL 1, Pant L 8, Pant L 6, IPL 81, KLS 218
Urdbean:
LBG 17, LBG 402, LBG 623, LBG 752, KU 301, TU 94-2
Chickpea: BG 372, PG 186, JG 315, JG 16, JG 14
Mungbean:
LGG 460, Pusa 9072, Pairymung, TM 96-2. TARM 1
Grasspea: Ratan, Prateek, Mahateora
Desirable traits in pulse varieties
• Early seedling vigor
• Short duration
• Small seed size
• Resistant/tolerant to key diseases
• Drought and heat tolerance
• Amenable to mechanical harvesting
Soaking seeds in water for 6-8 hrs and sowing of primed seed at 8-10 days before harvest of rice
Improves germination, growth, plant stand and yield
Seed Priming- a simple and effective practice in relay cropping
Further refinement •Soaking seeds in KH2PO4 solution •Sowing methods for primed seed under minimum tillage •Optimum seed rate
Further refinement
• Formulation with micronutrients, growth hormones and PGPR •Seed pellets with nutrients
Foliar Nutrition- a low cost effective intervention
Effective in both under relay cropping or zero tillage system
• Spray of 2% urea/ DAP @ pre-flowering stage
Quizalofop @ 100g/ha for rice stubble management
Use of herbicides- an important intervention
Imazethapyr @ 50g/ha at 2-4 leaf stage for seasonal weeds
Significant yield gain due to life saving irrigation with minimal amount of water (2.0 cm) under
severe moisture stress in rice fallow pulses
Water harvesting and life saving irrigation
Life saving irrigation through sprinkler system
Mechanization
(A)Opening furrow, placing fertilizer, seeds and covering of seeds
(B) Manual furrow opener (C) Manually operated IIPR No- Till Drill
(D) Tractor Operated Happy Seeder
Action Plan
• Disaggregated mapping of rice fallows
• Consolidation of R & D activities
• Pilot projects
• System approach
• Development of short duration, high yielding and
disease resistant varieties having tolerance to
terminal drought and heat stress
• Scaling-up crop management practices
• Rural credit and market
I. R & D Issues
Public awareness
Creation of community water reservoirs
Solar energy operated shallow tube wells
Creation of seed hubs
Mechanization of field operation
Rural credit
Road and marketing infrastructure
Legislation for containing menace of blue bulls
II. Policy issues
Drainage channel 30 x 30 cm around the field
Avoid water stagnation in Rice fallows ( provision
for Proper drainage)
Potential pulse crops identified for rice-fallows in different states of India
Pulse crops States
Lentil Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand
Grass pea Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal
Chickpea Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand
Mungbean Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu
Urdbean Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Odisha
Contd….
Spray post- emergence herbicides
Seed coating with micronutrients
Foliar spray of 2% urea/DAP
Adoption of suitable IPM module
Water harvesting (farm ponds, community
reservoirs) and recycling (sprinkler)
20 cm rice stubble Residue removal Mulching
Planting lentil after harvest of rice crop
0-5 cm 5-10 cm 10-15 cm
Moisture extraction pattern under stubble
management in lentil
Reasons for fallows
Rainfed/ Lack of irrigation
Highly variable and inadequate monsoonal rains; very
low probability of winter rains
Low soil moisture in surface layer after harvest of rice
Water stagnation/excessive moisture in
November/December
Spray Quizolofop- N- ethyl (post-emergence) herbicide
Interventions to avoid regeneration
Low ratooning rice line (IET 4786)
Soil compaction and cracks in Vertisols
Cultivation of long duration rice varieties
Lack of appropriate varieties of winter
crops for late planting
Lack of public awareness, R & D efforts
and policy support
Stray cattle
Cont.….
Rice fallows in India
State Kharif-rice area ('000 ha)
Rabi-fallow ('000 ha)
Rice-fallow area as % of kharif rice area
% of total rabi-fallow area
Andhra Pradesh 2657 305 11.5 2.6
Assam 2234 539 24.1 4.6
Bihar 5974 2196 36.8 18.9
Karnataka 984 182 18.5 1.6
Madhya Pradesh 5596 4382 78.3 37.6
Maharashtra 1762 629 35.7 5.4
Orissa 3879 1219 31.4 10.5
Uttar Pradesh 6255 353 5.6 3.0
West Bengal 4617 1719 37.2 14.8
Others 2378 128 5.4 0.4
Total 40,184 11,652 29.0 100.0
Technologies in shelf
Short duration and disease resistant varieties identified
Green manuring and application of FYM in rice crop
Zero-till drill
Enhanced seed rate under relay cropping
Seed priming
Seed treatment with Rhizobium culture and fungicides
Management of rice stubbles
Yield advantage in lentil over farmers’ practice across project sites (2013-14 and 2014-15)
1354
1032.5
1123 1161.6
996
1135.165 1109
678 706.5
746 753.3 729 713.5 769
60.86 47.39 52.13 54.05 35.37 59.96 44.2
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Moitree KLS-218 IPL-406 HUL-57 PL-6 PL-8 PL-7
Demonstration yield (Kg/ha) Farmers’ practice (Kg/ha) % increase
Improved v/s local varieties of grasspea across project
sites (2013-14 and 2014-15)
955.134
1356.25
1193.5
437.5
707.8
1033
835.5
201
44.61 32.85
92.5 118.25
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Nirmal Ratan Prateek Mahateora
Demonstration yield (Kg/ha) Farmers’ practice (Kg/ha) % increase