Ideological MovementsRomanticism: is a non-political movement, but

it added an emotional passion to the more political movements after 1815

Classical LiberalismIt emphasized on the rights and liberties that

individuals should possess:Equality before the lawFreedom of speech and pressRight of own property

Constitutions: Governments should be limited by written constitutions.

Representative Government: elected assemblies or parliaments which should make laws

Not democratic: not everyone should be allowed to vote (censitary suffrage)

Social classes that supported this movement:Business and professional classesEnterprising landowners

They wanted changes, but in an orderly way, by processes of legislation, and not by Revolutions.

Economic Liberalism

Adam Smith and David Ricardo

Government should not interfere with business, it should stay out of the economy and let businessess compete.

“Laissez-Faire”

Law of supply and demand

Freedom of trade and abolition of tariffs

Other Ideological MovementsRadicalism (Democrats)

Working class leadersThey wanted to extend many of the liberal

arguments to wider segments of the population

Republicanism (Democrats)It's the continent version of radicalismThey are opposed to royalism and monarchies.They supported “Revolutions”Heirs of the “French Revolution”Democrats: “universal male suffrage”Because of police repression they joined in secret

societies.

Utopian SocialismIt was previous to marxismThey regarded the economic system as aimless,

chaotic and unjust.They looked for a fairer and more equal distribution

of income among all the members of society.Personalities:

Robert Owen Saint Simon Charles Fourier and his phalanstère

Scientific Socialism, Marxism or CommunismKarl Marx and Friedrich EngelsThey wanted to improve the working conditionsThey believed in progress and in society.All the social classes would disappear and “the

proletariat” would create a new society without social classes called “Communist Society”

All means of production should be owned by society through the Government

Surplus value (plusvalía): the worker creates some benefits, that are taken by capitalists, not by workers.

• Feminism

• This movement wanted to expand the rights of women in both public and private life.

• Main aims: a better education, reforms in property and divorce laws, the right to participate in public debates and voting rights

• Nationalism

• It defends the right of a group of individuals to be identified with a political entity called “nation”.

• Centrifugal nationalism: it destroys already existing empires or nations

• Centripetal nationalism: it creates new nations