INTRODUCTION TO LATIN AMERICA

Pol. Sci. 422

ISLAM POISED TO STRIKE CATHOLIC CHRISTIANITY (PRE-

CONQUEST)

CONQUEST 711RE-CONQUEST IS UNDERWAY BY

750

THE CALIPHATE OF CORDOBA C. 1000 AT THE APOGEE OF AL-

MANSUR.

MOSLEM SPAIN WAS A CENTER OF EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION

SPAIN & PORTUGAL FOLLOWING THE RE-CONQUEST

EXPULSION OF MOORS IN 1492 LEADS TO INTEREST IN THE

ATLANTIC REGION

SPAIN ESTABLISHES ITS PRESENCE IN THE CARIBBEAN BASIN 1492 – 1515

Hispanola: first center of imperial power

Cuba supplants Hispanola as the center of Spanish power in the Caribbean (1515)

Conquest of the mainland emanates from Havana

CONQUEST OF MEXICO Mexico Falls to

Spain 1519 Moctezuma’s

apprehension Noche Triste in

Tenochtitlan Smallpox and the

end of the Aztec empire

Mexico City becomes the capital of New Spain

CARIBBEAN BASIN

CONQUEST OF GUATEMALA

Maya civilization in decline Known as “Greeks”

of New World City states at war

with each other Guatemala Falls to

Pedro Alvaraco (1523)

Cultural genocide of the Mayas

CONQUEST OF SPANISH SOUTH AMERICA

Hernando Pizarro sets sale for the South (1530)

The Nature/Extent of the Inca Empire

Capture of Atahualpa at Cajamarca Ransom and execution Cuzco captured (1533) Order not consolidated

until 1551

CONQUEST SPILLS OVER: NORTH & SOUTH

Spanish occupy Colombian highlands and establish Bogotá

Venezuela a frontier outpost Argentina / Viceroyalty de La Plata

Settled from Peru Of secondary importance

SPANISH COLONIALISM: CONFLICTING IMPERIAL

IDEOLOGIES Aristotilian notion of Juan Gines de Sepulveda Thomistic view of Bartolome de las Casas Franciscan mysticism of Friar Geronimo de

Mendieta

SPANISH EMPIRE IN THE AMERICAS

Political Territorial

organization Council of the

Indies Royal

government Cabildo

SPANISH EMPIRE IN THE AMERICAS: SOCIAL STRUCTURE I

Classes & Casts Peninsulares Criollos Mestizos Mulattos Indians Blacks Zambos

SPANISH EMPIRE IN THE AMERICAS: SOCIAL

STRUCTURE II Church

Conversion Ideology Tied with royal authorities

Education Law Medicine Theology Engineering

SPANISH EMPIRE IN THE AMERICAS: POLITICAL

ECONOMY Agriculture and the repartimientos Royal Exchequer Spanish commercial system

Mercantilism Embedded privileges Industry prohibited (in general)

COLONIAL EMPIRE OF PORTUGAL

PORTUGUESE ESTABLISH A PRESENCE THE NEW WORLD

1500 accidental discovery (Pedro Cabral)

Indifference gives way to interest Profits in dyewood French designs Fear of Spanish

designs Stress of

maintaining Asian colonies

Difficulties in holding territory against European competitors

Control by means of system of captaincies (type of concession) Donatarios Similar to English

colonies in North America

BRAZIL DIVIDED INTO CAPTAINCIES

PORTUGUESE EMPIRE IN BRAZIL:FOREIGN COMPETITORS

British French

Spanish Interlude (1580-1640) gives way to rivalry

Half-hearted efforts at colonization

THE DUTCH CHALLENGE 1629 – 1654

Attempts to repeat its victory in the East Indies Capture of Bahia

(1624) Recife (1630) Eventually held

1,200 miles of coast

Dutch Brazil 1641 Dutch West India Company

EXPULSION OF THE DUTCH

Turned on military developments in Europe

Dutch withdrew from Recife in 1654

Bahia : capital of colonial Brazil

PORTUGUESE CONSOLIDATE THEIR BRAZILIAN EMPIRE

Appointment of Capitão Mor (Captain general)

Bahia is capital of all Brazil

Capital transferred to Rio de Janeiro in 1763

Centralization in 1549 1789At the time of the

Incofidencia Mineira

PORTUGUESE EMPIRE IN BRAZIL Class structure mimics that of the Spanish

empire – but: fewer Amerindians and more Africans

Church is pivotal Europeanizing agency Education

Pivotal role of church Most of elite went to Coimbra (Portugal) for

university education City system takes on continental

characteristics