By: SYED MOHAMMAD By: SYED MOHAMMAD ZAKRIYAZAKRIYA

INTRODUCTION:-INTRODUCTION:- WHAT IS HYPERSONICS ?WHAT IS HYPERSONICS ?

Aerodynamic phenomena associated with very Aerodynamic phenomena associated with very high speed greater then  high speed greater then  five timesfive times faster than the  faster than the speed of sound, which would be 6,200km per hour speed of sound, which would be 6,200km per hour at sea level.at sea level.

HYPERSONIC AIRCRAFT HISTORY HYPERSONIC AIRCRAFT HISTORY AND EVOLUTION:AND EVOLUTION:

In March, 1954, NACA's Langley In March, 1954, NACA's Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, Ames Aeronautical Aeronautical Laboratory, Ames Aeronautical Laboratory, and High Speed Flight Station began Laboratory, and High Speed Flight Station began the studies that led to the X-15 program. the studies that led to the X-15 program.

They knew at once that Mach 8-10 was They knew at once that Mach 8-10 was unobtainable.unobtainable. Materials and technology were not Materials and technology were not available for such speeds. But the work of the available for such speeds. But the work of the Langley Laboratory showed that Mach 6-7 was Langley Laboratory showed that Mach 6-7 was within reach, as well as an altitude of 250 000 feet.within reach, as well as an altitude of 250 000 feet.

To attain this speed would require a rocket To attain this speed would require a rocket engine of 50 000-pounds thrust and a weight of engine of 50 000-pounds thrust and a weight of propellants 1 1/2 times the weight of the basic propellants 1 1/2 times the weight of the basic airplane. airplane.

These were difficult goals, but within the These were difficult goals, but within the state of the art.state of the art.  

TYPES OF HYPERSONIC AIRCRAFTTYPES OF HYPERSONIC AIRCRAFT Long range cruise Aircraft.Long range cruise Aircraft.

– Range 4000 nautical milesRange 4000 nautical miles– Cruising at Mach 6 to 8.Cruising at Mach 6 to 8.– Commercial aircraft with 200 to Commercial aircraft with 200 to

400 passenger capacity.400 passenger capacity. Medium range cruise Aircraft.Medium range cruise Aircraft.

– Range 3000 nautical miles.Range 3000 nautical miles.– Cruising at Mach 5 to 6.Cruising at Mach 5 to 6.– Military purposes.Military purposes.

Acceleration boost Aircraft.Acceleration boost Aircraft.– Used as Transatmospheric Used as Transatmospheric

vehiclevehicle

CHALLENGE FACING BY CHALLENGE FACING BY HYPERSONIC AIRCRAFTHYPERSONIC AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMICAERODYNAMIC

– Aerodynamic heating is a Aerodynamic heating is a concern for supersonicconcern for supersonic

    and hypersonic aircraft. and hypersonic aircraft.

– The heating induced by The heating induced by the very high speed the very high speed vehicles is sufficient to vehicles is sufficient to destroy the structure of destroy the structure of the vehicle.the vehicle.

– high viscous interactions.high viscous interactions.

STRUCTURALSTRUCTURAL

The maximum shear stress τmax at the welded The maximum shear stress τmax at the welded site is estimated as τmax = 38,564 lb/in2, and site is estimated as τmax = 38,564 lb/in2, and is about 71 percent of the shear failure stress is about 71 percent of the shear failure stress of the welding material.of the welding material.

buckling temperature of the unit panel is (buckling temperature of the unit panel is (ToTo))cr cr = 1,389 °F which is 1.20 times higher than the = 1,389 °F which is 1.20 times higher than the peak temperature 1,153 °F.peak temperature 1,153 °F.

requires more tougher and stronger materials requires more tougher and stronger materials to bear the aerodynamic loads.to bear the aerodynamic loads.

Requires high thermal resistively materials to Requires high thermal resistively materials to prevent melting.prevent melting.

STABILITY AND CONTROLSTABILITY AND CONTROL

It requires more complex and advanced It requires more complex and advanced systems to control the aircraft.systems to control the aircraft.

Once the stability is missed it is more Once the stability is missed it is more difficult to stabilize.difficult to stabilize.

Control surfaces used are less when Control surfaces used are less when compare to other aircrafts.compare to other aircrafts.

Maneuvering of the aircraft is highly Maneuvering of the aircraft is highly unsuitable.unsuitable.

SCRAMJET PROPULSIONSCRAMJET PROPULSION

Supersonic combustion is the main Supersonic combustion is the main challenge facing by the hypersonic aircrafts.challenge facing by the hypersonic aircrafts.

Hypersonic aircrafts require take-off Hypersonic aircrafts require take-off velocities upto 175 knots to 200 knots.velocities upto 175 knots to 200 knots.

Airports of the future may required storage Airports of the future may required storage of LH2 fuel and Hydrocarbon fuel.of LH2 fuel and Hydrocarbon fuel.

The combustion of fuel in scramjet is a very The combustion of fuel in scramjet is a very major task.major task.

•Appropriate solutionsAppropriate solutions

Liquid hydrogen production plants are to Liquid hydrogen production plants are to be installed at the airport terminalbe installed at the airport terminal

The entire vehicle is protected with a The entire vehicle is protected with a thermal protection system (TPS).thermal protection system (TPS).

Either monolithic titanium alloys or Either monolithic titanium alloys or metal-matrix composite materials, and metal-matrix composite materials, and honeycomb sandwich panels fabricated with honeycomb sandwich panels fabricated with high-temperature materials such as Titanium, high-temperature materials such as Titanium, or nickel-based are used for better hot or nickel-based are used for better hot structure.structure.

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES

COMMERCIALCOMMERCIAL– It might be possible that in the recent years It might be possible that in the recent years

hypersonic flights sending us halfway around the hypersonic flights sending us halfway around the world in a matter of hours will be fulfilled. world in a matter of hours will be fulfilled.

MILLITARYMILLITARY– It has numerous advantages in military field.It has numerous advantages in military field.– Target can be chased within a fraction of timeTarget can be chased within a fraction of time– Enemy can be targeted even in the space alsoEnemy can be targeted even in the space also

SPACE EXPLORATIONSPACE EXPLORATION– Hypersonic aircraft are the Transatmospheric Hypersonic aircraft are the Transatmospheric

vehicles.vehicles.– They can be used as a satellite launch They can be used as a satellite launch

vehicles.vehicles.– They are very useful in space exploration.They are very useful in space exploration.– Space mission can be completed within low Space mission can be completed within low

budget.budget.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

If the challenges can be defeated then If the challenges can be defeated then human being establishes another millstone human being establishes another millstone in his life history.in his life history.

It will be possible to travel around the world It will be possible to travel around the world with in hours.with in hours.

It is possible to travel into the outerspace It is possible to travel into the outerspace just like a commercial airliner.just like a commercial airliner.

It has countless application with hypersonic It has countless application with hypersonic aircrafts in the future.aircrafts in the future.

THANKING THANKING YOU……YOU……