HydrosphereHydrosphere

77thth Period Period

The Water CycleThe Water Cycle

How our planet quenches its How our planet quenches its thirst.thirst.

PrecipitationPrecipitation

•Water Molecules travel Water Molecules travel between the atmosphere and between the atmosphere and earths surface.earths surface.

•A.K.A. A.K.A. RAIN,SNOW,SLEET,HAIL…RAIN,SNOW,SLEET,HAIL…

EvaporationEvaporation

•Water evaporates and leaves Water evaporates and leaves behind salts and other behind salts and other impurities on the surface.impurities on the surface.

Transpiration is the evaporation of water from parts of plants, especially leaves, also stems, flowers and roots.

CondensationCondensationWater vapor, which is a gas, Water vapor, which is a gas, rises into the air. As it cools and rises into the air. As it cools and condenses into drops of liquid condenses into drops of liquid water it forms clouds.water it forms clouds.

The The FourFour OceansOceans PacificPacific 165,640,000 square km165,640,000 square km The deepest point is the Challenger The deepest point is the Challenger

deep, which is 11,033 m below sea leveldeep, which is 11,033 m below sea level The currents move clockwise in the north The currents move clockwise in the north

of the equator and counterclockwise in of the equator and counterclockwise in the south of the equator. the south of the equator.

AtlanticAtlantic 81,630,000 square km81,630,000 square km It covers 22% of the Earth’s surfaceIt covers 22% of the Earth’s surface Located between the continents of Located between the continents of

North and South America, Europe, North and South America, Europe, Africa and Antarctica Africa and Antarctica

Often referred to as “The Pond”Often referred to as “The Pond”Rachel Brown

IndianIndian and and ArcticArctic

Indian- 73,420,000 Indian- 73,420,000 square kmsquare km

Average depth-3,890mAverage depth-3,890m Carries a heavy traffic of Carries a heavy traffic of

petroleumpetroleum

Arctic- 14,350,000 square Arctic- 14,350,000 square kmkm

Smallest of all the oceansSmallest of all the oceans Much of the surface is Much of the surface is

covered by floating icecovered by floating ice

Rachel Brown

SalinitySalinity

Salinity is the concentration of all the Salinity is the concentration of all the dissolved salts. dissolved salts.

The average salinity of ocean water is The average salinity of ocean water is approximately 3.5 percent. approximately 3.5 percent.

Rachel Brown

There are 3 There are 3 main layers of main layers of

the ocean!the ocean!

1. Surface 1. Surface

2. Thermocline2. Thermocline

3. Deep zone3. Deep zone

Surface Zone;Surface Zone;

* The surface layer… is the warm, top layer. * The surface layer… is the warm, top layer. Sunlight heats the top 100 m of the surface zone.Sunlight heats the top 100 m of the surface zone.

* Surface currents mix warm water with the cooler * Surface currents mix warm water with the cooler water from below.water from below.

Theremocline;Theremocline;

* Temperature in zone drops faster with increased depth than * Temperature in zone drops faster with increased depth than it does anywhere else.it does anywhere else.

Deep Zone;Deep Zone;

* * extends from base of middle layer (thermocline) extends from base of middle layer (thermocline) to the bottom of the oceanto the bottom of the ocean

* Temperature averages to about 2 degrees * Temperature averages to about 2 degrees

celcius.celcius.

Donovan WaryoldDonovan WaryoldHydrosphereHydrosphere

The ocean makes the temperature The ocean makes the temperature of the atmosphere change much of the atmosphere change much

slower that it normally would.slower that it normally would.

If the ocean didn’t regulate If the ocean didn’t regulate atmospheric and surface atmospheric and surface

temperatures it would be to temperatures it would be to extreme for life to exist on earth.extreme for life to exist on earth.

Donovan WaryoldDonovan Waryold

local temperatures all local temperatures all

around the world around the world

are regulated by the are regulated by the

world ocean.world ocean.

Surface Currents

Surface currents occur when water at the ocean’s surface is moved by winds that blow in certain patterns because of the Earth’s spin and Coriolis effect.

The Coriolis effect makes moving objects appear to curve toward the right in the N. hemisphere and toward the left in S. hemisphere.

Modifie from

MapQuest.com

Blacie Hunt

Surface Currents• Surface currents are primarily driven by the wind.

Currents flowing toward the equator are generally cool, and currents flowing away are warm.

• Temperature helps us determine the speed and direction of surface currents and about heat stored in ocean.

Blacie Hunt

Surface CurrentsOceanographers often divide the

pacific and south pacific based on direction of surface current flow in each half of the pacific. Surface currents in the Pacific move in a clockwise direction north of the equator. Whereas surface currents flow in a counter clockwise direction south of the equator.

The Atlantic ocean is also divided in to halves, north half and south half based on directions of surface current flow.

Blacie Hunt

Formation of Deep Ocean Currents

This picture represents the oceans different temperatures.

This picture was found at: www.earthzine.org

Deep ocean currents form when the cold water from the north and south poles sinks below warmer, less dense ocean water and flows toward the equator.

Underwater currents are sixteen times stronger than all of the earths rivers combined

Sierra Lewis

Antarctica’s coast is where the worlds densest and coldest water

can be found.

Sierra Lewis

How much of the world’s water is fresh?

• About 70% of the Earth’s surface is made of water

• Only 3% is fresh water

Jordan Brown

Ice caps and glaciers

- Only one percent of the earth’s fresh water is drinkable

- The biggest amount of drinkable water is stored in ice caps or glaciers

Jordan Brown

River SystemsRiver Systems

By: Matt MurphyBy: Matt Murphy

Rivers systems consist of rivers and streams that drain a river basin. They also contain all the landscape drained by a river.

TributariesTributaries

By: Matt Murphy

Tributaries are small creeks or rivers that flow into larger bodies of water. Tributaries do not empty into the sea but rather rivers.

Cite pageCite page

• http://imagecache5.art.com/p/LRG/29/2967/PK7QD00Z/tony-wheeler-the-river-system-and-estuaries-near-the-gulf-of-carpenteria-queensland-australia.jpg

• http://ak.water.usgs.gov/yukon/images/front/CharleyRiverAtYukon1.jpg

• http://www.sussex-ouse.org.uk/map/images/Sussex-Ouse-Map-1.gif• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_system

Hydrosphere: Groundwater

• Groundwater – The water beneath the earth’s surface.

• Groundwater accounts for a little under one 1% of all the water on earth.

Andrew Peters-Greer

How is ground water important?

• Groundwater supplies water for many agricultural and industrial uses

• 40% of people living in the United States use Ground water for drinking, cooking, cleaning, etc.

Hydrosphere

• Aquifer – A rock layer that stores and allows the flow of ground water

• Much Of the United States is underlain by aquifers

Robbie Alexander

Recharge Zone

• A recharge zone is the land where the water enters an aquifer

• Recharge is the process of water refreshing an aquifer

• This happens when rain filters through the rock or soil

Robbie Alexander