supervisors

OUTLINE

THE GLOBAL WARMINGAtmospheric carbon dioxide record from Mauna

Loa

WHAT IS HYDROGEN ?

Producing Hydrogen As A Fuel

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION & DEMANDS

Sources Supply & Demand

Hydrogen Methane

Boiling point K 20.3 337

Density kg/m³ 0.0887 0.707

Concentration for combustion (Volume %) 4.1- 72.5 5.1-13.5

Explosion limits (Volume %) 13 – 65 6.3-14

Lower heating value Kwh /kg 33.33 13.9

Self Ignition Temp. C 585 540

Flame Propagation in air m/s 2.65 0.4

Flame Temp. C 2045 1875

HYDROGEN PROPERTIES [LOUIS SCHLAPBACH AND ANDREAS ZÜTTEL , 2001]& [ RAND AND DELL, 2008 ]

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION & DEMANDS

Current hydrogen production 48% natural gas 30% oil 18% coal 4% electrolysis

Total Production in tonnes / yr 50 million tonnes / yr

Production & Use In 2008

Production & Use In 2002

Production In 2011

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION COSTS Updated hydrogen production costs and parities forconventional and renewable technologiesRICARDO GUERRERO LEMUS & JOSE MANUEL MARTINEZ DUART

Sources: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pv_systems.html http://thomashawk.com/hello/209/1017/1024/Staring%20at%20the%20Sun.jpg

WHAT IS SOLAR ENERGY?

Radiation Energy produced by the sun Clean, renewable source of energy Harnessed by solar collection methods such as solar cells Converted into usable energy such as electricity

Photovoltaic (solar) panel

Set of solar panels

ENERGY FROM THE SUN IS ABUNDANT

The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere Solar power systems installed in the areas defined by the dark disks could meet the world's current total energy demand

Sources:1- http://www.ez2c.de/ml/solar_land_area/ 2-NREL "World Solar Insolation data"

Egypt receives annually 2,400 hrs. of solar operation with high intensity of solar radiation equivalent to 2,600 KWh/m2.

SOLAR CELLS ARE CONVERTERS OF ENERGY

Solar cells are devices that take light energy as input and convert it into electrical energyLight energy

Solar cell - converts light energy to electricity

Electrical energy (carried through wires)

It is the process by which we generate hydrogen (and oxygen) from water

.The word "lysis" means to dissolve or break apart, so the word "electrolysis" literally means to break something apart (in this case

water) using electricity.  

Electrolysis is very simple - all you have to do is arrange for electricity to pass through some water between to electrodes placed in the water

 The principle of electrolysis was first formulated by Michael Faraday in 1820

What is Water Electrolysis?

Cathode : 2H2O + 2e H2(g) + 2OH- Anode : 4OH- 2H2O + 4e + O2(g)

Overall : 2H2O 2H2 + O2

Equations of reactions of Electrolysis of water at Cathode

and Anode

Methods of hydrogen production through water electrolysis

Methods

Alkaline electrolysisProton exchange

membrane water electrolysis

Solid oxide electrolyzer

Alkaline electrolyzer

PEM electrolyzer

Solid oxide electrolyzer

Electrolyte KOH (20-30%)

PEM polymer (Nafion)

Yttria stabilized Zirconia

Operating temperature

340-420 K 320-360 K 870-1270K

Charge carrier

OH- H+ O2+

Efficiency 80% 94.4% 90%Cost Lowest Highest Medium

Comparison Between Alkaline , PEM , Solid Oxide Electrolyzer

Experimental work

Experimental diagram

Experimental apparatus

Experimental apparatus

Experimental apparatus for producing hydrogen from alkaline

water (KOH) electrolysis under atmospheric pressure . Material : acrylic dimensions : (30 x 16 x 15) cm Wall

thickness : 1 cm

Experimental apparatusThe Model : This particular system was fabricated specifically for

the study, observation and experimental development of hydrogen generation with improving the efficiency of the electrolysis.

Number of plates : Four plates (Two anode – Two Cathode)Material : Stainless steel Dimensions : 2x2 cm² Thickness : 2

mm

Experimental apparatusPhotovoltaic cell : Solar cells are devices that take light energy as input and convert it into electrical energy. The PV cell generates the dc power that is transferred to the water electrolyser directly. The PV module is supported up on a tilted structure from aluminium frames. The tilt angle is fixed at 30° with horizontal and the structure is mounted such that the module is facing south direction

Rated Maximum Power 225WTolerance 0~5WVoltage at Pmax (Vmp) 30.40VCurrent at pmax (Imp) 8.39A Operation Cell Temp 45° C ± 2°C

Experimental procedure

1.Check that all apparatus are in their correct position.

2.Preparing the solution with the desired concentration.

3.Put the electrolyte into the electrolysis vessel.

4.Turn on PV wire switch 5.Measure voltage (V), current (I)

and flow rate per hour 6.Calculate the average of V& I &

flow rate (from 8 am to 4 pm )

Experimental ResultsAnd Discussions

Efficiency = Output Power/ Input Power

Pout =

Pin =

in

out

pp

.

We can calculate Efficiency by using this equation:

Calculations Equations

)/(24000/)/(286000*)( 332 molcmmolJcmvolH

timeIV **

Result from (con. %=10% , δ = 5 [mm])

Result from (con. %=10% , δ = 5 [mm])

Result from (con. %=10% , δ = 10 [mm])

Result from (con. %=10% , δ = 10 [mm])

Result from (con. %=30% , δ = 5 [mm])

Result from (con. %=30% , δ = 5 [mm])

Result from (con. %=30% , δ = 10 [mm])

Result from (con. %=30% , δ = 10 [mm])

Effect of gap distance increase on electrolyser

efficiency•Efficiency / Time Efficiency / Time

Effect of Electrolyte concentration increase on electrolyser efficiency

•EfficiencyEfficiency / Time / Time

•Efficiency/VoltageEfficiency/Voltage

Effect of gap distance increase on hydrogen generation

Total (H2) GeneratedTotal (H2) Generated•5mm,10% (19.9125liter)•10mm,10% ( 20.75 liter)

•Flow rate/TimeFlow rate/Time

Effect of electrolyte concentration on hydrogen generation

Total (H2) GeneratedTotal (H2) Generated•5mm,10% (19.9125liter)•5mm,30% (21.525 liter)

•Flow rate/TimeFlow rate/Time

•Flow rate/VoltageFlow rate/Voltage

An experimental system was built for hydrogen production using photovoltaic

energy and an overview of other methods of hydrogen production. The

investigation covered the effects of voltage, solution concentration, and space

between the pair of electrodes on the characteristics of alkaline water electrolysis.

The study was carried out under atmospheric pressure using stainless steel

electrodes. Smaller gaps between the pair of electrodes and was demonstrated to

produce higher rates of hydrogen at higher system efficiency. Also, it is found that

the environmental conditions such as solar intensity, ambient temperature and the

module surface temperature have a large effect on the system performance and

the rate of hydrogen production. The models with membrane show that the rate of hydrogen production is

decreased but the overall efficiency of the process increased due to decrease of the

input electrical power.

Conclusion

The objective of such researches should include the use other type of connection in which the P-V output is routed through a (DC /DC) converter to modify the voltage and current input to the electrolyser.

Also an emergency power supply (battery) attached with charge controller is to be installed to overcome the high fluctuation due to solar irradiation. Hence more uniform distribution for (Power, efficiency and flow rate) will be shown in experimental results.

Future Work

ThanksHydrogen Production Team:

1- Mohamed Hassan Younes Nasr2- Micheal Edward Rafael 3- Hany Mohamed Talaat EL-Gizawy 4- Ahmed Ali Shaheen

5 -Mohamed Mostafa Sheha