Human Geography AP ReviewImportant Concepts and People – Part 2

Migration - Movement• Cyclical

– To home and back; Commuting; Nomadism

– Activity Space• Periodic

– Longer periods of time; Migrant labor; Military

• Migration– Permanent relocation– Rural to Urban– International

Migration• Voluntary v.

Involuntary• Push/Pull Factors• Regions of dislocation

– SE Asia– SW Asia– Subsaharan Africa

• Refugees

Migration – Ravenstien’s Laws

• Most migrants move only a short distance– Step Migration– Intervening Opportunities

• Migrants that move greater distances tend to go to cities

• Migration flows produce counterflows– Sequent occupance

• Most international migrants are young males

Chain Migration

Link 1:

Immigrant arrives in new place

Link 2:

Encourages family and friends to come

Link 3:

Others in home community have place to go

Link 4:

New community is created in new land

Link 5:

Process reinforced in “virtuous cycle”

Culture

Pop Culture• Universal/Global• Dynamic• Mass produced• Commercial

Local Culture• Regional/Local• Slow to change• Locally consumed• Authentic

Urban• City-based• Ethnic

enclaves• Social groups

Rural (Folk)• Traditional• “Tribal”• Isolated

Culture Terms• Culture hearth

– Region where a cultural trait or innovation originates

• Culture trait– A single element or normal practice of a culture– Material; non-material– Artifacts; mentifacts

• Culture complex– A related set of cultural traits (e.g., ways of eating)

Culture Terms• Adoption

– Choosing to include a trait developed elsewhere in one’s own culture

• Appropriation– Adopting a cultural trait, but using it in the wrong context or

for the wrong purpose

• Assimilation– When one culture replaces another (e.g., Native Americans)

US Housing Styles

• Saltbox/Cape Cod– New England

• Colonial– Mid-Atlantic

• Tidewater– Southeast

• Ranch– West

Identity• Social Constructions

– Race• Discrimination; segregation

– Gender• Gendered-spaces

• Ethnicity– Ethnic enclaves

• Sexuality– Castro

Language

• Language v. Dialect– Cantonese v. American

English• Lingua Franca

– English in India• Creole

– Mixture of two languages - Haitian

• Pidgin– Rudimentary trade language

Language Families

• Proto-Language– Sub-Family

• Branch– Language

• Uralic– Finno-Ugric

• Ugric– Hungarian

• Indo-European• Uralic• Altaic• Sino-Tibetan• Afro-Asiatic• Niger-Congo• Austronesian

Religion - Types

• Monotheistic– Single supreme deity

• Polytheistic– Multiple deities

• Animistic– Spirits in natural world

• Universalizing– Actively seek converts– Open to all– Proselytize

• Ethnic religion– Focused on a particular

group or people

Religion & Space

Political Geography• Nation

– People with shared history and culture– The Kurds

• State– Defined territory; government; population– Brazil

• Nation-State– State & nation occupy same space– Japan

Richard Hartshorne (1950s)

• Forces at work that affect success of state

• Centripetal forces– Unify a state

• Centrifugal forces– Break a state apart

Immanuel Wallerstein (1987)• Capitalist World Systems

Theory• In a capitalist world you will

have three tiers of states:– Core

• Greater wealth; high technology

– Periphery• Poor; low technology

– Core exploits periphery

Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904)

• Organic Theory

• State is like an organism– Requires nourishment

to prolong existence

• Expand or die

Sir Halford Mackinder(1861-1947)

• Heartland Theory Land power is important, not sea power

• World Island– Eurasia

• Pivot Area– Heartland (Russia/Central

Asia)– Rimland (Europe/East Asia)