Http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ball0888 /lectures /logic.

http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ball0888

/lectures

/logic

Fantasy Logic League

A weekly competition…

…in the art of deduction

Previously on THG…

22 November, 1963

Nightmare on Elm Street

Oswald Sentences

• [A] If Oswald didn’t shoot Kennedy, then somebody else did.

• [B] If Oswald doesn’t shoot Kennedy, then somebody else will.

• [C] If Oswald hadn’t shot Kennedy, then somebody else would have.

The scientific study of:

English Grammar

MissAnn

Widdecombe

Spinster of this parish…

…and, indeed, of all the other parishes as well

A woman of many parts…

….clumsily assembled

Truly, the face that ate a

thousand chips.

Miss Anne Widdecombe at the Conservative Party Conference

A Counterblast

• English has NO infinitive

• English has NO moods – neither indicative nor subjunctive nor any other

• English has but TWO tenses – present and past

•Madness!

•Ignorance!

•Stupidity!

•Snobbery!

Ambiguity

We must have the worst JCR food in Oxford

That dart might have landed in

baby’s eye

Sentencevs.

Message

Truth is not a property of Sentences

Truth is a property of Messages

Message determines

Sentence

If Oswald didn’t shoot Kennedy, then somebody else did

April, 1985

A train from

Paddington

to Bodmin…

The Adventure of….

The curious incident of the dog in the night-time

• “Is there any point to which you would wish to draw my attention?”

• “To the curious incident of the dog in the night-time”

• “The dog did nothing in the night-time.”

• “That was the curious incident,” remarked Sherlock Holmes.

The Mystery of….

Modus Ponens

Modus Ponens•P•If P, then Q

•So: Q

•Oswald didn’t shoot Kennedy…

•And if Oswald didn’t shoot Kennedy…

•…then somebody else did.

•So: Somebody else did.

April, 1985

Oxford

The Reverend Charles

Lutwidge Dodgson

Lewis Carroll

Lewis Carroll"What the Tortoise Said to Achilles,"

Mind 4, No. 14 (April 1895): 278-280.

Zeno of Elea

A Farewell to Arms

Zeno of Elea

Achilles and the Tortoise

• [A] Someone shot Kennedy

• [B] Oswald didn’t

• So [Z] Somebody else did

• [A] Someone shot Kennedy

• [B] Oswald didn’t

• [C] If A and B, then Z

• [D] If A and B and C, then Z

• [E] If A and B and C and D, then Z

• [F] If A and ……oh, forget it!

•Words/Sentences

•Ideas/Messages

•Logic

• Although it was very hot, Her Majesty wore a cardigan

• Because it was very hot, Her Majesty stripped off

• Since there are no trees in Orkney, it is a desolate place

• Unless I have made a mistake, the answer is 42

• Whether or not you like them, carrots are good for you

• Despite the fact that Mike Tyson is a convicted rapist, this government let him in

• Even if Grannie was gunned down this morning, she’s chirpy enough now

• If Oswald didn’t shoot Kennedy, somebody else did

Compound Sentences

Compounded out of prior sentences

Although it was very hot, Her Majesty wore a cardigan

Because it was very hot, Her Majesty stripped off

Since there are no trees in Orkney, it is a desolate place

Unless I have made a mistake, the answer is 42

Whether or not you like them, carrots are good for you

The Independent Sentence

The Subsidiary String

A Subordinating Conjunctionprefixed to

The Dependent Sentence

A Subordinating Conjunctionprefixed to

The Dependent Sentence

• Her Majesty wore a cardigan, although it was very hot.

• Her Majesty - although it was very hot -wore a cardigan

• Her Majesty wore - although it was very hot - a cardigan

• Although Her Majesty wore a cardigan, it was very hot

Compound Messages

Compounded out of prior messages

• Independent message: mi

• Dependent message: md

• Status modifier: *

• Compound message: mc

mc : md * , mi

Ambiguity

• (In those days) Her Majesty wore a cardigan

(Yesterday) Her Majesty wore a cardigan

mc : md * , mi

Selection of ‘if’ grants accords the dependent message the

status of an hypothesis

Which means:

It is being treated as true…

…whether or not it really is.

?• Structure

• Truth

• Affirmation

mc : md * , mi

Compound Messages cannot be True (or False)

mc : md * , mi

The Independent message is affirmed outright, unless there is rational reason to

think otherwise

• Because it was very hot, Her Majesty stripped off

• Since there are no trees in Orkney, it is a desolate place

• Unless I have made a mistake, the answer is 42

• Whether or not you like them, carrots are good for you

October 1928

The 20th Century Limited

Waistcoat by Sally Bayley

THE END

Http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ball0888 /lectures /logic.

Documents

Transcript of Http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ball0888 /lectures /logic.

ADJACENCYANDLOCALITY: ACONSTRAINT …users.ox.ac.uk/~cpgl0036/pdf/lfg09asudeh.pdf · adjacencyandlocality: aconstraint-basedanalysisof complementizer-adjacentextraction ... form meaning

HTTP Handlers and HTTP Modules in ASP

TheGrayInstitute‘open’high-content,fluorescencelifetime ...users.ox.ac.uk/~atdgroup/publications/Barber, P.R., J. Microscopy... · TheGrayInstitute‘open’high-content,fluorescencelifetime

CJ International http: 1 CJ International Welcomes you to the Soft Logic Open World.

Ancient China - University of Oxford · Ancient China Ashmolean Museum http ... .nga.gov/education/chinatp_bze.shtm ... Western http http http http n_zhou_dynasty Horses http http

˘ˇˆ ˘ˆ - BayCHI · 1-Http event (post) 8-Http response 7-Forward 5-Invoke Controller Business Logic 6-Return url to go (stateless java class) 2-Populate from request 3-Dispatch

Web Services Overview - halvorsen.blog fileWeb Services uses standard web protocols like HTTP, etc. ... 3-tier+WebService Architecture -Example Presentation Logic Business Logic Data

RESEARCHARTICLE …users.ox.ac.uk/~xpsy0747/pdfs/KleinFlugge et al PlosComputBiol 2015... · RESEARCHARTICLE BehavioralModelingofHumanChoices RevealsDissociableEffectsofPhysicalEffort

Firewalls. Similar to streaming a Video … Browser Network HTTP Requests Get: image.png HTTP Requests Get: image.png HTTP Requests Get: video.avi HTTP.

Politics & Society The Political Logic of Ethnic © 2012 ...users.ox.ac.uk/~sfos0060/2002.pdf · Dhattiwala and Biggs 485 as it is called, continued unceasingly for four months and

Coursebook - users.ox.ac.uk

By: Nicholas, Renée, Keisha, Lorie-Lynn INHALENT HTTP://SMAL LER HTTP:// HTTP://SMAL.

-FBEFSTIJQ#JSNJOHIBNBOOPVODFTUIFNFNCFSTPG … · (http:/ RegistrationonoruseofthissiteconstitutesacceptanceofourUserAgreement(http:/andPrivacyPolicy

Network Components - University of Washington · 2020. 6. 5. · IP TCP HTTP 802.11 IP TCP HTTP. Encapsulation (3) Computer Networks 30 HTTP TCP IP 802.11 HTTP TCP HTTP IPTCP HTTP

Introduction to Internet Computing - SEIDENBERG …csis.pace.edu/lixin/teaching/cs644/internetComputing.pdfWeb Browser HTTP HTTP HTTP HTTP CGI, Servlet, JSP Presentation layer: CGI,

Trial Protocol ISAT - University of Oxford · U.K. Tel: 44 (1865) 224539/ 224929 Fax: 44 (1865) 224490/ 224114 e.mail address: isat@radiology.ox.ac.uk WWW: http:\\users.ox.ac.uk\~isat\

INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC Lecture1 Validity Introduction to Sets …users.ox.ac.uk/~logicman/jsslides/ll1.pdf · 2019-10-07 · INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC Lecture1 Validity Introduction to

INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC Lecture 2 Syntax and Semantics of ...users.ox.ac.uk/~logicman/jsslides/ll2.pdf · Lecture 2 Syntax and Semantics of Propositional Logic. Dr.JamesStudd Logicisthebeginningofwisdom.

What's NWhat's New in HTTP/2 – Instart Logicew in Http2 Instart Logic

Introduction to Enterprise Service Bus and WebSphere ... · PDF fileIntroduction to Enterprise Service Bus and ... Java Application Interface Logic C++ ... including MQ, JMS, HTTP(S)