How to predict a Product

Synthesis

Acid anhydride + water acid Base anhydride + water baseNonmetallic oxide is acid anhydrideMetallic oxide is base anhydride

Decomposition

Electrolysis: splits the moleculeHeating: most common

Heat hydroxides

Produce the oxide and waterExceptions: group 1 hydroxides

Heat carbonates

Produce oxide and CO2

Exceptions: group 1 carbonates

Heat sulfates

Produce oxide and sulfur trioxideExceptions: groups 1 and 2

Heat nitrates

Produce oxide, oxygen, and nitrogen dioxideExceptions: group I nitrates produce nitrites

and oxygen

Heat chlorates

All produce the chloride and oxygen gas

Heat oxides

Only for silver, mercury, platinum, palladium, and gold

Produce metal and oxygen gas

Single replacement

Free metal must be higher on the reactivity series

Free nonmetal must be higher on the nonmetal reactivity series

Activity Series of the Metals

Li Rb K Ba Sr Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Cd Co Ni Sn Pb H2 Sb Bi Cu Hg Ag Pt Au

Activity Series of the Nonmetals

F2Cl2Br2I2

Double replacement

Both conditions must occur Both reactants must be soluble in water Must be evidence of a chemical reaction

Color change Precipitate Bubbles

Solubility Rules

1. All nitrates, acetates, and chlorates are soluble.2. All chlorides, bromides, and iodides are soluble except

for Ag+, Hg22+, and Pb 2+

3. All sulfates are soluble except for Ca 2+, Sr 2+, Hg22+, Pb2+,

and Ag+

4. All carbonates, chromates, sulfites, and phosphates are insoluble except those of group I and NH4

+

5. All hydroxides are insoluble except for those of group I and lower II

6. All sulfides except those of the I and II groups are insoluble

7. Salts containing a group I metal or the ammonium ion are soluble

Complete combustion

Always produces carbon dioxide and water

Decomposition problemswhat if you heat:

• Calcium oxide• Aluminum hydroxide• Sodium chlorate• Sodium sulfate• Sodium nitrate• Calcium nitrate• Magnesium carbonate• Magnesium sulfate

answers

• Calcium oxide: nothing• Aluminum hydroxide aluminum oxide and

water• Sodium chlorate sodium chloride and oxygen• Sodium sulfate nothing• Sodium nitrate sodium nitrite and oxygen• Calcium nitrate calcium oxide, O2 , NO2

• Magnesium carbonate MgO and CO2

• Magnesium sulfate nothing