How to How to Computer Computer

WorkWork

MUHAMMAD AHMED HUSSAIN

ahmed.hussain67@gmail.com / yahoo / homail.com

By:

You Will Learn…

That a computer requires both hardware and software to work

About the many different hardware components inside and connected to a computer

How the CPU works and how it communicates with other devices

Hardware Needs Softwareto Work Hardware

Physical components of the computer (monitor, keyboard, memory chips, hard drive)

Software Set of instructions that directs

hardware to accomplish a task

Functions of the Microcomputer

Binary Number System

Technology of storing and reading only two values: on and off

Bits and bytes Originated in the 1940s by John

Atanasoff

Binary Number System

Binary Number System

PC Hardware Components

Input/output devices: outside computer case

Processing and storage components: inside the case

Elements required by hardware devices to operate: Method for CPU to communicate

with it Software to instruct and control it Electricity to power it

Hardware Used forInput and Output

Connects to computer case by ports

Most popular input devices: Keyboard Mouse

Most popular output devices: Monitor Printer

Ports

Input Devices

Output Devices

Hardware Inside the Case

Motherboard (contains CPU, memory, etc.)

Floppy drive, hard drive, and CD-ROM drive (permanent storage)

Power supply with cords supplying electricity to all devices inside the case

continued…

Hardware Inside the Case

Circuit boards (used by CPU to communicate with devices inside/outside the case) Contain microchips, which are most often

manufactured using CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) technology

Cables that connect devices to circuit boards and the motherboard Data cables Power cables (or power cords)

Peripheral Devices

Communicate with CPU but are not located directly on the motherboard

Some are linked by expansion cards in expansion slots on the motherboard

The Motherboard

Largest, most important circuit board in the computer

Contains the CPU, with which all devices must communicate: Installed directly on the motherboard Linked by a cable connected to a port on

the motherboard Indirectly linked by expansion cards

Also called the main board or system board

The Motherboard

Ports on a Motherboard

Major Components on All Motherboards For processing:

CPU Chip set

For temporary storage: RAM Cache memory

Electrical system: Power supply

connections

For communication with other devices: Traces Expansion slots System clock

Programming and setup data: Flash ROM CMOS setup

chip

The CPU

Most important chip (the microprocessor)

Performs most of actual data processing

The Chip Set

Controls flow of data and instructions to and from the CPU

Provides careful timing of activities

The Chip Set

CPU and Chip Set Manufacturers

IBM-compatible PCs Intel Corporation AMD VIA SiS Cyrix

Macintosh (Apple Computer, Inc.) Motorola Corporation

Storage Devices

Temporary (primary storage, or memory) Temporarily holds data and instructions

while processing them Faster to access than permanent storage

Permanent (secondary storage) Data and instructions must be copied into

primary storage (RAM) for processing

Primary and Secondary Storage

Primary Storage Devices

Memory, or RAM, located on motherboard and other circuit boards Volatile versus nonvolatile (or ROM)

memory Common types of boards that hold

memory chips SIMMs (single inline memory modules) DIMMs (dual inline memory modules) RIMMs (memory modules manufactured

by Rambus, Inc.)

RAM Chips

Types of RAM Modules

Secondary Storage Devices

Hard disks Floppy disks Zip drives CD-ROMs DVDs

Hard Drive

Uses EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics) technology

Motherboard can accommodate up to four IDE devices on one system

IDE provides two connectors on a motherboard for two data cables

Motherboard with Connectors

A Typical System

Hard Drive’s Power Supply

Floppy Drive Cable

Floppy Drive Connection

CD-ROM Drive

Motherboard Components Used for Communication Among Devices The bus

System of pathways used for communication and the protocol and methods used for transmission

Includes a data bus, address bus, and control bus

Bus Lines

Data Bus

System Clock

Synchronizes activity on the motherboard

Sends continuous pulses over the bus that are used by different components to control the pace of activity

Frequency of activity is measured in MHz,or 1 million cycles per second

System Clock

Bus Lines

Lines of a bus, including data, instruction, and power lines, often extend to the expansion slots

Types of expansion slots PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)

For high-speed input/output devices) AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)

For a video card ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)

Used by older and/or slower devices)

Bus Lines

Types of Expansion Slots

Interface (Expansion) Cards

Enable CPU to connect to external device or to a network

Interface (Expansion) Cards

Full View of a Video Card

The Electrical System

Power supply Most important

component of computer’s electrical system

Converts/reduces electricity to voltage the computer can handle

Runs a fan directly from electrical output voltage to cool inside of computer case

Electrical System

Electrical System

Instructions and Data Stored on the Motherboard

ROM BIOS Holds software needed to start up PC and

begin loading an OS Most are flash ROM

CMOS chip Stores setup (configuration) information

Setup information can also be set by means of jumpers and DIP (dual inline package) switches

Powered by a battery on motherboard when power is off

ROM BIOS Chip

ROM BIOS Chip

CMOS Chip

Using Jumpers

DIP Switches

How a CPU Works and Communicates with Other Devices Responsible for most processing Depends on chip set, system

clock, and buses to move data to and from I/O devices, memory, and secondary storage

Only two states: on and off

Components of a CPU

Input/output (I/O) unit Manages data/instructions

entering/leaving CPU One or more arithmetic logic

units (ALU) Does all comparisons and

calculations Control unit

Manages all activities inside CPU itself

Components of a CPU

How the CPU Works

Registers hold data and instructions while it processes them

Memory cache holds data and instructions just before they are processed

Internal bus runs at different speed than external bus

How the CPU Uses Memory

CPU accesses memory by way of the data bus

How CPU and Devices Use System Bus to Communicate

The Address Bus

The Control Bus

System clock control line Provides timing for motherboard

components Interrupt request (IRQ) lines

Used by devices to get CPU’s attention; assigned at startup

Read/write control lines How to use address on address bus (read

or write operation) I/O control lines

How to use address lines (memory addresses or I/O addresses)

Interrupt Request (IRQ) Lines

I/O Control Lines

Understanding Binary

With computers, everything is binary; every process is a series of zeros and ones

Decimal and hexadecimal notations are two shorthand ways of displaying binary numbers

Understanding Binary

Hexadecimal notation (hex) Shorthand way to display long

binary numbers; easier for humans to understand

Built on multiples of sixteen ASCII (American Standard Code

for Information Interchange) standard Has assigned an 8-bit code for

letters, symbols, and other characters

Chapter Summary

An introduction to the inside of the computer

Initial insight into how hardware components of a computer system work

How a CPU works and communicates with other devices

Understanding binary

THANK YOU ! ! !THANK YOU ! ! !

MUHAMMAD AHMED HUSSAIN

ahmed.hussain67@gmail.com / yahoo / homail.com