Post on 15-Jan-2015
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How The NextGenerationWill ConnectWirelessly
Copyright © Blackbird Technology
DASH7 Mode 2 Adopted
First OpenTag Demos
50+ Alliance Members
Multiple Silicon Providers
2011 - Present
2009-2010
DoD RFID III Contract ($429MM; ISO 18000-7)
DASH7 Alliance Founded
DoD RFID II Contract ($90MM; proprietary
Savi technology)
RFI for ISO 18000-7Devices
2003-2008
DASH7 Timeline
Copyright © Blackbird Technology
DASH7: Does What Bluetooth & WiFi Can’t
Range
Batte
ry*Life
Co0exist*w
ith*802.11n
Penetra
tes*C
oncrete
"Bends"*A
round*Metal,*Penetrates*W
alls
Globally*Available*Frequency
Ad*Hoc*Networkin
gBroadcast*A
ddressing
Multi0Ho
pTracks*Moving*T
hings
Data*Rate
Defines*Use*of*Public*Key*Crypto
Open*So
urce*Stack
Full*O
pen*ISO*or*IEEE*Standard
Protocol*Stack*<
20kb
Third*Party*Interoperability*C
ertifica
tion
DASH7
ZigBeeBluetooth*LEWiFi
Copyright © Blackbird Technology
Copyright © DASH7 Alliance
Use Case #1
Mobile Advertising With DASH7
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Hillary7 mutual friends
Listening to “The Rushing Wind” by Enation
www.blackbird420.com
DASH7 Can Broadcast to Hundreds of People At The Same Time ...(WiFi and Bluetooth Cannot)
Use Case #1-ASocial Discovery With DASH7
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Use Case #2
In-Vehicle Automotive
Sensing with DASH7
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Copyright © DASH7 Alliance
Use Case #3
Building Automation & Smart Energy With DASH7
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Copyright © Blackbird Technology
Use Case #4:
Perishables & Pharmaceuticals
Tracking With DASH7
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Use Case #5:Rights & Entitlements Monitoring With DASH7
Many Other Use Cases!
• Employee Tracking
• Hazardous Materials Tracking
• Anti-theft tags
• IT asset tracking
• Contactless payments
• Vehicle tracking
• Animal tracking
• Lumber supply chains
• Pandemic support
• Yard management
• Warehouse management
• Digital signage
• Oil & Gas Supply Chains
• Construction Tools Tracking
• Home Healthcare
• Patient/infant tracking
• Bridge, Tunnel Stress Monitoring
• Many more ...
Maintaining Privacy With DASH7
• Not too different from WiFi or BT• DASH7 can be “invisible”• Supports AES-128 in MAC• Supports other public/private key exchange in
Network Layer• Independent of NFC security settings
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Making DASH7 “Invisible” To Unwanted Eavesdroppers
Broadcast settings can be adjusted from “full public broadcast of everything” to “invisible mode”
“Invisible mode” allows user’s radio to only acknowledge other DASH7 devices that are pre-
approved
Over-the-air transmissions can be encrypted using public or private key systems
Unlike Bluetooth, DASH7 does not require discovery beacons, so it can be completely invisible
while functioning
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How Does DASH7 Security & Privacy Compare?
DASH7 WiFi BT Cellular
Supports AES 128 Yes Yes Yes Yes
Listen-Before-Talk Yes Yes No No
Encrypted File System Yes No No No
Make “Invisible” To Non-approved Devices Yes No No No
14
DASH7 uses the same antenna & (basically) the same silicon as NFC, apart from a single analog circuit
DASH7 operates at the 32nd harmonic above
13.56 MHz
NFC and DASH7 Today
(13.56 x 32 = 433.92)
No Additional Radio Required
Non-integrated Solution: 3 chips + passives, 1 antenna
Next Gen NFC Chips NFC operates at 13.56
MHz worldwide
DASH7 operates at 433.92 MHz worldwide
Integrated Solution: 1 chip + passives, 1 antenna
Blackbird Confidential
NFC is being deployed by nearly all
major handset, wireless c
arrier, and
point of sale vendors
DASH7 & Smartphones
NFC + DASH7 Combo Chip ConceptDASH7 can be added to an NFC chipset & solution with minimal additions
NFC13.56 MHz Capacitive
Match
NFC +DASH7
13.56 MHz Cap Match
433 MHz Cap Extension
Modern RF interface chipsets are primarily digital.
DASH7 uses GFSK modulation, which is similar to NFC modulation.- Digital blocks remain intact
In concept, adding DASH7 to NFC is accomplished by adding an Integer-N PLL and a small number of analog switches.- Integer-N PLL for 13.56 MHz input with: Divider Ref = 128, Multiplier N = 4096 ± 7- Analog switches to tune antenna at 13.56 or 433- DASH7 uses much less output power than NFC
433 MHz DASH7 spectrum is low enough and narrow enough that normal SiO2 fabrication is OK.
The Power ScaleDASH7 is an aggressively low-power technology
0 - 1 µW 1 - 10 µW 10 - 100 µW 0.1 - 1 mW 1 - 10 mW 10 - 100 mW 0.1 - 1 W 1 - 10 W 10 - 100 W
DASH7Endpoint
DASH7Subctrlr
802.15.4Coord.
DASH7Gateway
802.15.4Endpoint
802.15.4Gateway
BLESlave
RunningiMac
Runninglaptop
Running3G Modem
802.11Device
RunningGPS chip
Upper limit forenergy harvesting
Upper limit forMultiyear battery
Li-Thionylself-discharge
BackgroundRF energy
BluetoothSlave
BluetoothMaster
The Power ScaleTypical DASH7 apps have low-latency, ad-hoc requirements and 10-10000 uW power limits
0 - 1 µW 1 - 10 µW 10 - 100 µW 0.1 - 1 mW 1 - 10 mW 10 - 100 mW 0.1 - 1 W 1 - 10 W 10 - 100 W
DASH7Endpoint
DASH7Subctrlr
802.15.4Coord.
DASH7Gateway
802.15.4Endpoint
802.15.4Gateway
BluetoothSlave
BLESlave
BluetoothMaster
802.11Device
Target Range for Remote Devices
(“Widgets”)
Target Range for “Always-On” Handset
Apps
DASH7 NFC
Powered-Master/Unpowered-Slave
Powered-Master/Powered-Slave
Data Rate(inverse packet length)
N/A ~200 mW / 0 mW(~10 cm)
~30mW / ~30mW(~200m)
~60 mW / ~60 mW(~2m)
28 - 200 kbps 106 - 424 kbps
Typical Active-Mode Power Usage in DASH7 and NFCAdvanced chipsets and duty-cycling can reduce power in either case
RX/TX Power (3V, 0dBm) Examples
Mature Silicon
State of the Art Silicon
Next-gen Research
45mW / 45mW TI CC4309mW / 14mW Energy Micro Prototype1mW / 8 mW (contact Blackbird)
Duty Cycling Reduces Power, Increases LatencyDuty cycling is practical, though, because DASH7 has ad-hoc “wakeup” features
At 100% Duty Cycle, power-usage is dependent on the chip technology
Typ. Duty Cycle Worst-Case Latency Base Power (mature)
Remote Sensor
“Always-on” Listen
Extreme-Heavy Use
0.05% 2 s 30 µW5% 25 ms 2.25 mW20% 10 ms 9 mW
At reduced duty cycles, latency is 5 ms + approximate inverse of the 1ms duty
Copyright © Blackbird Technology
More Technical Stuff
• DASH7 has a different philosophy than IEEE 802 has.
• Because of this, it is best suited for applications that 802-based technologies can’t really do.
• Building DASH7 applications is all about designing queries
• DASH7 can still do IP
• There is a growing number of tool packages available for DASH7 development, including software and hardware
Copyright © Blackbird Technology
DASH7 is a 2nd Generation M2M+WSN+IoT+RFID Technology
433 MHz band8 channels
Compact Stack16-32KB
Optimized forMicro Power
Optimized forLow Latency(Bursty Data)
Universal Interoperability
Adaptive Data Rate28 - 200 kbps
Very FastMulticast
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OpenTag is an Open-Source Firmware Stack for DASH7http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/opentag
Written in C (Internal C API)
Portable to most MCUs
Built-in minimal RTOS
Built-in Filesystem & I/O
External Messaging API
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Application Client/MasterMany Kinds of
Applications can be Built on Top of
OpenTag + DASH7
DASH7 is Best Suited for Applications with a lot of Uncertainty or Chaos…
Application Service
Application Service
Application Service
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Problem:Traditional Internet Technologies (e.g.TCP+HTTP, 6lowPAN+CoAP, etc) Do Not Tolerate Chaos…
Copyright © Blackbird Technology
… These kinds of technologies are designed to route application data from one known address to another known address, across
multiple hub & spoke networks.
The connections must be established, maintained, and cached,or else the message does not get through.
IP: 71.56.240.219
IP: 150.192.48.158
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DASH7 Tolerates Chaos Because it
Does Not Need Routers
Addressing can be done using any kind of data,
via built-in querying
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IP Gateway
Nodes that don’t pass the query stay quietNote: IP addressing
and CoAP are still possible over DASH7
The Internet
No ICMP, no caching, no connection maintenance
required on IP gateway
DASH7 can excel in “open-loop” data acquisition & M2M applications that are difficult or impractical to solve with switch-routed technologies
Copyright © Blackbird Technology
DASH7 Networking Process vs. 6loWPAN Process
Advertise Continuously
Cache Addresses from Responses
Assign Multicast Address to Target Devices
Send UDP Packet Containing Query Header
Receive Qualified Responses
Send UDP Packet to Assigned Multicast Address
Receive Qualified Responses
DASH7 Process 6loWPAN Process (Traditional IEEE 802)
Time Base:0.1’s of sec
Time Base:10’s of sec
Copyright © Blackbird Technology
DASH7 Networking Process vs. 6loWPAN Process
Advertise Continuously
Cache Addresses from Responses
Assign Multicast Address to Target Devices
Send UDP Packet Containing Query Header
Receive Qualified Responses
Send UDP Packet to Assigned Multicast Address
Receive Qualified Responses
DASH7 Process 6loWPAN Process (Traditional IEEE 802)
Time Base:0.1’s of sec
Time Base:10’s of sec
There are some caveats:‣ DASH7 is (in practice) limited to 2 hops‣ DASH7 requires a greater degree of stack
standardization in order to do querying interoperably.
Copyright © Blackbird Technology
DASH7 Applications vs. 6loWPAN Applications
DASH7 Apps Ask: “What are you looking for?”
6loWPAN Apps Ask: “Who gets it?”
I need to find everyone in the lobby, now, who wants to go to floor 10.
I need data from all sensors within 50m that check for Carbon Monoxide
All devices that came off the boat from Taipei shall go to RF Channel 04 and await further instructions.
Deliver a message to the device with address 05:85:245:192:96:0:147:1 to turn its lights off.
Deliver a message to the devices with group address 124:0:8:255:37:160:0:1 instructing them to report sensor logs.
Ping device 63:102:0:80:128:0:17:44 to see if it is still in the network.
Copyright © Blackbird Technology
DASH7 Applications vs. 6loWPAN Applications
DASH7 Apps Ask: “What are you looking for?”
6loWPAN Apps Ask: “Who gets it?”
I need to find everyone in the lobby, now, who wants to go to floor 10.
I need data from all sensors within 50m that check for Carbon Monoxide
All devices that came off the boat from Taipei shall go to RF Channel 04 and await further instructions.
Deliver a message to the device with address 05:85:245:192:96:0:147:1 to turn its lights off.
Deliver a message to the devices with group address 124:0:8:255:37:160:0:1 instructing them to report sensor logs.
Ping device 63:102:0:80:128:0:17:44 to see if it is still in the network.
Querying Sounds Great:How can I do it? (stay tuned)
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Running Queries:Let DASH7 find the needle(s) in the haystack
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DASH7 Puts the Query Below the Application Layer
Result: Intrinsic, Interoperable, Query-driven Multicasting
Requirement: Standardized, Integrated Filesystem
OSI LayerOSI Layer DASH7 Components
7 Application UDP-based or LLDP-based
6 Presentation M2 Filesystem
5 Session Dialog Stack
4 Transport M2QP
3 Network M2NP, M2DP, M2AdvP
2 Data Link DASH7 MAC
1 Physical 433 MHz GFSK
DASH7 Queries Start at the Transport LayerDASH7 Queries Start at the Transport LayerDASH7 Queries Start at the Transport Layer
Copyright © Blackbird Technology
DASH7 Puts the Query Below the Application Layer
Result: Intrinsic, Interoperable, Query-driven Multicasting
Requirement: Standardized, Integrated Filesystem
OSI LayerOSI Layer DASH7 Components
7 Application UDP-based or LLDP-based
6 Presentation M2 Filesystem
5 Session Dialog Stack
4 Transport M2QP
3 Network M2NP, M2DP, M2AdvP
2 Data Link DASH7 MAC
1 Physical 433 MHz GFSK
DASH7 Queries Start at the Transport LayerDASH7 Queries Start at the Transport LayerDASH7 Queries Start at the Transport Layer
Switch-routed technologies can do queries in their application layers, but this is too high-
up to save the network from collisions.
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Configuring a DASH7 QueryThe Query contains several parameters that go into the protocol
Query Mode
Single Query
SequentialQuery
Query Comparison
Text/BinaryToken
Arithmetic Expression
RegEx
Query Target Data
Single File
BatchFiles
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Sequential Querying: Example
Global Query
Find all lamps that were manufactured by Company X, have a solar panel, and have not been serviced for 1 year or more. Have them respond with their locations.
• Request: Manufacturer = Company X
• Response window set to 0ms because we don’t care yet
• Result: 1950 devices enter query process
Copyright © Blackbird Technology
Sequential Querying: Example
Global Query
Find all lamps that were manufactured by Company X, have a solar panel, and have not been serviced for 1 year or more. Have them respond with their locations.
• Request: Manufacturer = Company X
• Response window set to 0ms because we don’t care yet
• Result: 1950 devices enter query process
SubQuery 1
• Request: Addons = “*solar*”
• Response window set to 0ms because we don’t care yet
• Result: 120/1950 devices stay in query (the rest go back to idle)
Copyright © Blackbird Technology
Sequential Querying: Example
Global Query
Find all lamps that were manufactured by Company X, have a solar panel, and have not been serviced for 1 year or more. Have them respond with their locations.
• Request: Manufacturer = Company X
• Response window set to 0ms because we don’t care yet
• Result: 1950 devices enter query process
SubQuery 1
• Request: Addons = “*solar*”
• Response window set to 0ms because we don’t care yet
• Result: 120/1950 devices stay in query (the rest go back to idle)
SubQuery 2• Request:
Last Cold Boot > 1 year ago
• Response window set to 1 sec
• Result: 8/120 devices return their location coordinates
Copyright © Blackbird Technology
Contact:
pat@blackbird420.comjp@blackbird420.com