Post on 18-Jul-2015
Hi-Tech Diagnostic Centre Palarivattom Cochin
CANCER
Uncontrolled proliferation of
cells
Statistics in India
229,660
443,000263,480
469,000
0
100
200
300
400
500
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Male Female
(in
th
ou
sa
nd
s)
Indian ScenarioCANCER IS THE CAUSE OF 12% OF ALL DEATHS
IN INDIA 1.5 – 2 MILLION ESTIMATED CANCERCASES AT ANY POINT OF TIME
EVERY YEAR 8 LAKHS NEW CASES AREDETECTED IN INDIA
EVERY YEAR 5.5 LAKHS CANCER PATIENTS DIEIN OUR COUNTRY
Cancer Stigma Lance Armstrong Foundation conducted a survey on cancer
stigma in 2008 Japan, Mexico, Russia, Argentina, Brazil, China, France, India, Italy, South
Africa
About 500 people polled in each country
Survey showed that Stigma continues to persist across countries, cultures and communities
Caused by misinformation, lack of awareness, deeply engrained cultural myths and fear
Opportunities to capitalise on shifting perceptions
Mass media are key resources for facilitating more positive attitudes
Perceptions about cancer
Public responsibility
Personal responsibility
Concern for our beloved ones
Prevention
Screening
Early Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention Vaccines
Prevention Avoiding risk factors
Screening
Checking for cancer in a person who does not have
any symptoms of the disease.
Early diagnosis
SEVEN DANGER SIGNALS
THICKENING OR LUMP IN BREAST OR ANYWHERE IN THE BODY
SORE THROAT NOT HEALING
UNUSUAL BLEEDING OR DISCHARGE
INDIGESTION AND DIFFICULTY IN SWALLOWING
OBVIOUS CHANGE IN WART OR MOLE
NAGGING COUGH OR HOARSENESS OF VOICE
CHANGE IN BLADDER & BOWEL HABITS
Cancers in women Breast
Cervix
Thyroid
Lung
Ovary
Endometrium
Who gets breast cancer?
Anyone can get breast cancer.
For example, did you know…
• The older a woman is, the more likely she is to get breast cancer.
• Although it is rare, young women in their 20s and 30s can and do get
breast cancer.
• In India incidence is rising .It is the second most common cancer
affecting females in India and the most common cancer in women in
urban cities.
Can I prevent breast cancer?Because no one knows exactly what causes it, there are no SURE ways to prevent
breast cancer. However, the following may help to reduce your risk:
•Maintaining a healthy weight , regular exercise,
& a nutritious diet
•Breastfeeding
•Limiting our exposure to
estrogen, alcohol, and smoke
What can I do ?
•Be aware
•Breast self exam
•Clinical breast exam
•Mammogram
•Spread awareness
Early detection is Your
Best Defense !
Breast
Self
Exam
(BSE)
What is a clinical breast exam?
Mammogram
A mammogram is a machine
which uses X rays to detect
lesions of the breast
Can detect small lesions before
they can be felt.
Why Mammograms?
CERVIX
CAUSE
PREVENTION Most easily preventable cancer
Long latent period
Cervix is accessible
Methods
1. PAP Smear
2. HPV testing
3. HPV vaccination
PAP Smear
HPV test Same procedure like pap smear but the test detects the
presence of high risk HPV virus .
Can be combined with pap smear in women 30 years
and above
If negative patient needs to return for screening only
after 5 years.
Costs 2000Rs.(pap smear for 5 years will be more
costly)
HPV vaccine CERVARIX GARADSIL -Two vaccines are available in
India which are licensed globally.
The vaccines are prophylactic ie,they offer protection
only in those who are not exposed to the virus or before
the initiation of sexual activity.
The Indian Academy of Pediatrics recommends
vaccination to girls in the age group of 9-12 years.
Catchup vaccination is permitted upto the age of 26
years .
Uterine or Endometrial cancer SYMPTOMS
1. vaginal bleeding after menopause
2. Irregular vaginal bleeding before menopause
3. Unusual vaginal discharge
4. Change in bowel or bladder habits
Tests USG pelvis
Endometrial office biopsy ( pipelle sampling)
D&C
OVARIAN CANCER Symptoms
1. Bloating of abdomen
2. Abdominal pain
3. Back pain
4. Feeling of fullness
5. Increased bladder and/or bowel motions
No known preventive tests described
Annual checkup and pelvic exam
CA 125 is elevated in ovarian cancer but is not specific.
Not recommended for routine screening
COMMON CANCERS in MEN Lung
Oral Cavity
Colorectal
prostate
LUNG CANCER Smoking is a major cause. Can be seen in non
smokers also
Early detection very difficult as it does not produce any
symptoms in the early stage
Usually presents as continuous cough >3 -6 weeks,
blood in sputum, chest pain, sudden onset of
breathlessness, or change in voice.
ORAL cavity
Chewing pan and betel nut are risk factors
Easily accessible site for early detection
Patients can do self examination of oral cavity
Colorectal cancer Warning
signs
BLOOD IN STOOL
FEELING OF BEING BLOATED
CHANGE IN BOWEL HABITS
CONSTIPATION
Colon cancer
Annual fecal occult blood test
Colonoscopy is recommended after the age of 50 once
in 10 years
Diet rich in fruits and vegetables,roughage and fibre
Prostate cancer Cancer of prostate gland.
Symptoms –increased urinary frequency,some present
with total obstruction of urine flow,pain on passing
urine,
PSA test after the age of 50.
Digital rectal examination
Treatment of cancer Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Hormonal/Immunotherapy
Alone or in combination
Goals of therapy Cure
Control
Palliation
Surgery Diagnosis
Staging
Treatment
Relieve side effects
Ease pain
Radiation Therapy High energy Xrays to kill cancer cells
External Internal
Daily treatments
Chemotherapy
Medicines used to kill cancer cells
Oral, intravenous
Disadvantage – damages healthy cells also