Post on 28-Mar-2015
History of Tourism
new 7
If I live to see the seven wondersI’ll make a path to the rainbows endI’ll never live to match the beauty again
new 7
On July 7, 2007, history was made as the results of the world’s first-ever global poll were announced.
History of Travel
Early Travel Four Roots of Tourism Religion and Tourism
History of Travel
Sumerians were the first to invent money, the wheel and writing
Sumerians began trade in 4000bc
Early Travel
Cruises began in Egypt 3000bc
Queen Hatshepsut traveled to east Africa in 1480bc, probably the first journey made for peace and tourism
Early Travel
From 1600bc, the pyramids at Giza and the Sphinx attract large numbers of
visitors
Early Tourist Traits
Egyptians were first to leave their marks as they traveled places (the Latin word graffiti was used to describe the scribblings of ancient Egyptians)
Egyptians began the practice of taking souvenirs
Early Travel
Roads show early signs as far back as 2050bc in Sumer and as far back as 2000bc in Mycenae and Crete
Main travelers at this time were the military, government officials and caravans
Roman Roads
Roads were surveyed using a device similar to a cross staff
Roadbed was dug and filled with stones and concrete
Covered in paving stones Had “kerb” stones Sloped to shed rain
Roman Roads
Roman Roads
By Trajan, (98 to 117ad), Roman roads comprised a network of 50,000 miles, from Scotland and Germany in the north, to Egypt in the south to the Persian Gulf in what is now Iraq and Kuwait
Four Roots
Military Government leaders Explorers Religious pilgrims
Military
Built roads Created forts (often became cities) Imposed cultural norms (and other
things) of their society Adopted cultural norms of host society One reason people joined is to see new
places
Government Leaders
Often traveled to enforce rule Also traveled in a tourist capacity Would acquire locations based on
resources, strategic location (and for visiting pleasure)
Would often learn from the people they conquered (influenced point A)
Explorers
Attracted followers often based on the chance to go to new places
Expanded knowledge (and created stereotypes) of new places
Used trade to alter cultural patterns of visited and host society
Often opened the gateway for religious and cultural conversion of native peoples
The Word “Tourism”
From the French verb retourner From The Grand Tour
The Grand Tour
17th and 18th centuries Diplomats, businessmen and scholars,
wealthy young men Three year trip was common
The Grand Tour
Was not superficial – resulted in a very complete knowledge of the places visited, including languages and detailed traditions
Paris, Genoa, Milan, Florence, Rome, Venice, Germany, the Low Countries, Switzerland and even Greece and Egypt
The Grand Tour (Legacy)
Tourism and The Grand Tour were very elitist
Many of the locations visited on The Grand Tour are still popular destinations today
The Grand Tour (Legacy)
Now mass tourism allows millions to travel, but our middle class limitations allows for two or three weeks, not years
Still, The Grand Tour locations are a symbol of social status and “arrival” for many travelers
Mass Tourism
The Package Tour Combined transportation, lodgings, sightseeing,
money exchange, etc. First organized by Thomas Cook (1841) Cook organized them to allow people to attend
temperance meetings (of the Baptist church) Cook negotiated a special fare due to the large
number of people
Mass Tourism
Cook organized a tour to Paris in 1855 for the expo
By 1864, Cook had offices in Rome, New York, London, Paris and other major cities
Mass tourism is directly connected to religious tourism
Religious Pilgrims
First true group of mass tourists Religious pilgrimages were often a requirement
for many religions Pilgrimages have existed in Asia and South
Asia, Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Central America and to a much lesser degree, North America
Religious Pilgrimages
For reasons of safety, traveling in mass was advisable
The average person worked too hard to afford the time to travel (unless for a religious reason)
Pilgrimages
Religious pilgrimages often incorporated many of the element of modern travel: Lodging Souvenirs (shopping) Eating (feasts as well as establishments that served
food) Festivals (entertainment, events and holidays)
Pilgrimages
Pilgrimage locations benefited greatly with a surge of visitation that left an economic surplus
Also, like modern tourism, cities en-route benefited (which is why pilgrimage routes were chosen very carefully)
Pilgrimages
Religious leaders often “manipulated” pilgrimages sites to make sure outer regions remained under control
Religion and Tourism
Religious sites are still popular tourist destinations for believers and non-believers
There was a “pilgrimage season” in medieval Europe, almost like a vacation period
Santiago de Compostela(St James of the Starry Field)
Northwest Spain St James (according to tradition) was
buried here – original church built on spot Pilgrims began arriving, and traveled the
pilgrimage road
Santiago de Compostela
Santiago Cathedral now marks the location
The last 100km must be walked in order to receive your pilgrimage credential
Unlike many routes, relatively little has been done in the form of commercialization en route
Sacre Coeur
Sacre Coeur
Religion and Tourism
The destination town benefited, but so did towns and villages along the route
During the Middle Ages, towns competed for the largest church or cathedral to attract visitors
Relics of saints or other important religious figures were publicized to attract visitation (USP)
Cathedral
A cathedral is distinguished from a church by the fact that a cathedral contains a cathedra (a throne for a bishop)
Most of Europe’s cathedrals were built during the Middle Ages from about 1100 to 1300
Some were built later during the Renaissance, and some are still being completed
Cathedral
The typical cathedral architecture is called gothic architecture
Gothic emphasizes the vertical This emphasis is given under the pretense of
reaching towards heaven, however, gothic cathedral architecture is immediately intimidating as well (showing the power of god and instilling fear)
Windows/Literacy Nave/Transept/Apse Façade Towers Gift shop Flying buttress Rose Window Gargoyles Vaults/Arches
Notre Dame de Paris
Notre Dame de Paris
1163 to 1250 Located on the Île de la Cité (the
birthplace of Paris) Geographic center of Paris Noted for its backside of flying butresses
Notre Dame’s East Facade
Chartres Cathedral
Chartres France is a center for the Cult of the Virgin
“Sacred Tunic” worn by the virgin at the time of Christ’s birth
Original cathedral destroyed in 1194
Chartres Cathedral
Current cathedral combines early gothic façade with “high gothic” as it was rebuilt
1205-1220 (originally built in 1145)
Beauvais
Beauvais Cathedral
Beauvais Cathedral
1225-1272 (apse and choir completed) 1284 the vault fell Repairs were made over next 50 years Worked stalled for 150 years until 1500 1564-1569, tower was built over the transept crossing
(450 ft tall) 1593, tower collapses at the end of procession (all
church members survive) on Ascension Day Annual celebration held every April 30th
Fatima and Lourdes
Pilgrimage sites are not just something of the ancient past or the Middle Ages
Lordes, France and Fatima, Portugal are current pilgrimage sites that attract both the faithful and tourists in huge numbers
Fatima, Portugal
On May 13, 1917, three illiterate shepherd children, at work tending sheep outside Fatima, Portugal, were surprised by a bright flash in a nearby pasture called Cova de Ira, widely known as an old sacred place. Approaching the pasture, they were caught in a luminosity that nearly blinded them. In the center of the blaze of light, they perceived a little woman who told them she was "from heaven" and warned that world-wide suffering could be averted only if people ceased "offending God". The illuminated figure - who quickly became known as Our Lady - asked them to return to the same spot every month.
Fatima
On August 13, the crowd grew to 18,000 but the three children were not among them. They had been jailed by local officials eager to "put an end to this nonsense". Even so, those present in the field reported a clap of thunder followed by a bright flash and a cloud surrounding the same "magical" tree. One month later a crown of 30,000 watched in astonishment as a globe of light appeared in plain view, advancing through the valley floor from east to west, coming to rest on the same tree.
Fatima
1928 Contains tombs of
two of the children Plaza outside of basilica can hold mass
for 500,000 people The plaza is surrounded by shops,
restaurants and tiny hotels
Fatima & Lourdes Pilgrimage Tour
Roundtrip flights from NY, Lisbon and Lourdes
7 nights in first class (4 star) hotels Catholic priests and daily mass Tour escorts
Saint Peter’s
Saint Peter’s
1546 – 1564 and 1590 Built on site where St Peter was crucified della Porta, Michelangelo, Bramante and Bernini Dome is 452ft above the ground (138ft in
diameter)
Our Lady of the Angels
Opened in fall of 2002 Visited by 1.5 million people its first year Designed by Rafael Jose Moneo Plaza, gift shop, conference rooms, cafe
Our Lady (Los Angeles)
Our Lady of the Angels
Our Lady of the Angels
Spanish Alabaster
Parthenon
447 - 432bc (under Pericles) Athens, Greece Built in honor of goddess (duh) Athena Sits atop the Acropolis Used Doric order columns
Parthenon
The metope was usedto mount sculpturethat would tell a story(of actual battle or of religious importance)
Parthenon Frieze
The friezetold the storyof the Athenian procession
Athens
Other Religious “Tourism”
Mission Trail, California
The Haj (Pilgrimage to Mecca) Buddhist Pilgrimages Jerusalem Native American sites
in the Americas
The Haj
Pilgrimages as Tourism
New World Pilgrimages??
Popular tourism destinations are often called “pilgrimage” sites Walt Disney World Las Vegas Los Angeles/Hollywood Yosemite/Grand Canyon