History of Marine ScienceLecture 2

Ponce de Leon found the gulf stream by accident en-route to

Cuba.

John Harrison In 1760, he solved the problem of

calculating longitude.

James Cook In 1786, James Cook’s 3 voyages discovered

Australia, New Zealand and circumnavigated Antarctica. He and his crew were killed in Hawaii.

Ben Franklin.

named and mapped the Gulf Stream while serving as Postmaster general for the colonies

Matthew Fountaine Maury The Father of Oceanography. He published the first oceanography text as a

military tool for use during the Civil War.

The Birth of Oceanography 1872, HMS Challenger was the first

scientific voyage. It lasted only 3 years, but took 20 years to analyze the data collected.

The First School In 1900, Prince Albert of Monaco

established the first Oceanographic School.

The Titanic Disaster 1912 - April 15, the White Star Liner Titanic

sinks with horrendous loss of life after striking an iceberg in the North Atlantic Ocean. This leads to a concerted effort to devise an acoustic means of discovering objects in the water forward of the bow of a moving vessel.

Meteor Explorations. 1925-1927 - The German Meteor expedition

systematically surveys the South Atlantic with echo-sounding equipment and other oceanographic instruments, proving beyond a doubt the continuity of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

made 14 crossings of the Atlantic Ocean

William Beebe made a descent of 3028 ft. in the

first bathysphere in 1934.

Cousteau

During WWII, Cousteau invented SCUBA and many other devices that opened the ocean to millions.

1950 IGY, International Geophysical Year – Studied the Indian Ocean

Trieste (bathyscaphe) Descended 36,000 ft. into the

Mariana Trench in the Pacific – the deepest depth in the ocean.

Project FAMOUS (French American Mid-Ocean Undersea

Study) and Deep Sea Drilling Project researched plate tectonics with the ship, Glomar Challenger.

Satellite 1978 SEASAT satellite

launched for measuring global surface temperature, bio-productivity, and wave heights.

JOIDES 1987- Joint Oceanographic Institutions Deep Earth

Sampling drilled on the ocean floor at a depth of 27,000 ft. and went 1000 ft. into the ocean floor sediments.

GPS 1990’s – Global Positioning Satellites were opened

for public access.

International Year of the Ocean 1998 By declaration of the

United Nations, The purpose of YOTO is to promote public awareness and understanding of the oceans, a dominant aspect of the environment.

Ocean Act of 2000 passed by Congress on July 25, 2000, and signed into law by the President on August 7, 2000.

To establish a commission to make recommendations for a coordinated and comprehensive national ocean policy that will promote:– (1) protection of life and property

(2) stewardship of ocean and coastal resources(3) protection of marine environment and prevention of marine pollution(4) enhancement of maritime commerce(5) expansion of human knowledge of the marine environment(6) investments in technologies to promote energy and food security(7) close cooperation among government agencies(8) U.S. leadership in ocean and coastal activities.

Ocean Literacy 2005, NOAA publishes Ocean Literacy Standards to

address the importance of Ocean Education. Ocean literacy is an understanding of the oceans

influence on you and your influence on the ocean. An ocean-literate person understands:

- the essential principles and fundamental concepts,- can communicate about the oceans in a meaningful way,- is able to make informed and responsible decisions regarding the oceans and its resources.

In this course we intend to make you Ocean Literate and More!!!