History 2311 Western Civilization to 1715 Slide Set 2

Central Texas College Fort Knox, Kentucky

Bruce A. McKain

Greek Society

Bronze Age The Mycenaeans • Credited with the

development of Bronze. • Forerunner of what we

would know as Greek Society.

The Bronze Age Implements

Greek Democracy

• Representative form of government started with ancient Athens.

• The idea of a Republic was first discussed and practiced in Ancient Greece.

Iliad and Odyssey

• Stories by the Greek Poet Homer, who was a slave and illiterate.

• Iliad – Story of Trojan War.

• Odyssey – Story of the voyage of Odysseus.

Homer

The Polis

• The Greek work for the City-State, the primary governmental system of the ancient Greek world.

Athens

Sparta

The Greek Gods

Zeus • Supreme deity of the

Greeks, At first was a storm-god and wielded a thunderbolt.

• The All-Father who populated the heavens and earth with his promiscuous liaisons.

• Grand Dispenser of Justice. • Jupiter and Jove were his

Latin names.

# 4 of the Ancient Wonders

The Greek Gods cont.

• Ares - God of War. • Son of Zeus and Hera. • Delighted in slaughter

and looting, but also a coward.

• Had an adulterous affair with Aphrodite.

• Latin name Mars.

The Greek Gods cont.

• Aphrodite –Goddess of Love and Beauty.

• Born either of sea foam or was a daughter of Zeus.

• Hephaestus was her husband.

• Ares was her lover. • Eros was her son. • Latin name Venus.

Greek Gods cont.

• Apollo – God of Light and Truth, of Intelligence, of Healing, and of the arts.

• Son of Zeus. • Also called Phoebus

Apollo. • Latin name also Apollo.

Greek Gods cont.

• Artemis – Goddess of Chastity, the virgin huntress.

• Twin sister of Apollo, daughter of Zeus.

• Presided over childbirth, associated with the moon.

• Latin name Diana.

Greek Gods cont. • Athena – Virgin Goddess

of Wisdom. • Sprang fully armed from

the head of Zeus, after he swallowed the Titaness Metis.

• Goddess of the arts, and guardian of Athens.

• Also known as Pallas Athens

• Latin name Minerva

Greek Gods cont. • Demeter – Goddess of

vegetation and fertility. • Zeus’s full sister. • Had various lovers

including Zeus their daughter Persephone, who was taken by Hades. Her grief caused the earth to grow barren, return of her daughter for six months of the year allows earth to become fruitful.

• Latin name Ceres.

Greek Gods cont.

• Eros – God of Erotic Attraction

• Son of Aphrodite. • Latin name Cupid.

Greek Gods cont.

• Hades – Lord of the Underworld.

• Brother of Zeus. • Latin names Dis and

Pluto.

Greek Gods cont.

• Poseidon – Lord of the Seas and God of Horses.

• Brother of Zeus. • Latin name Neptune.

Greek Gods cont.

• Pan – God of the flocks. • Son of Hermes. • Played the pipes and

pursued various nymphs, all of whom rejected him for his ugliness.

• Latin name Sylvanus and Faunus.

The Greeks (cont.)

• Modern Identification with Greek Society – Art – Politics – Sense of History – Curiosity – Education

The Greeks (cont.)

• Modern Identification with Greek Society – Politics – Sense of History – Curiosity – Education

Persian Invasions

• Marathon (490 B.C.) • Salamis (480 B.C.)

• Greek Rivalry

– Peloponnesian Wars 460-445, 431-404 B.C. – Invasion of Sicily – Colonization of the Mediterranean

Marathon

Persian Wars Plains of Marathon

Marathon

Initial Situation Greek Victory

Salamis

Movement to Salamis 3rd Persian Invasion

Salamis

The Battle Greeks Victorious

Peloponnesian Wars

Athens Sparta

Peloponnesian Wars

Philip of Macedon

• Father of Alexander the Great.

• Trained his son for a military life from an early age.

• Fought the Persians and started toward a united Greece.

• Died through betrayal.

Alexander the Great

• Spread Greek social order around the known world.

• Married a number of times to cement alliances.

• Died of fever/ alcohol poisoning/ poison?

• Returned to Macedon for burial.

Alexander’s Successors

Alexander Seleucids – Syria and Mesopotamia

Alexander’s Successors

Ptolemis - Egypt Antigonids – Macedon and Asia Minor- later split into two kingdoms.

The Romans

• The Republic - Expansion 264-133 B.C. – Advantages of Italy

• large fertile plains • mountain ranges do not impede communication • protected on three sides by water • protected to the north by Alps

• Greek colonies firmly established in the south by 600

B.C.

Etruscans

• Controlled area north of Latium by 700 B.C. • Seized Rome by shortly after 600 B.C. • City of Rome founded by Romulus • Etruscan Society

– Farmers, Miners,Metalworkers, walled cities,believed in an afterlife.

– Women enjoyed relatively high status

Romulus and Remus

Latin Overthrow of the Etruscans

• Setup of the Roman Republic – Patricians - land owners perhaps 10% of the

population, held full citizenship – Plebeians - trade, laborers, small farmers, &

debtors about 75% of the population, no right to hold office

– Slaves

Romans Continued

• Terms – imperium – dictator – SPQR – Centuriate Assembly – Praetor – Tribunes

Romans Continued

• By 3rd century B.C. Rome controlled all of Italy • Conflicts with Carthage (Punic Wars) 264-

241,218-202, &149-146 B.C. – Results

• Destruction of Carthage • Expansion eastward to control Macedon, Greece,

Egypt, and most of Asia Minor by 133 B.C.

Punic Wars

Hannibal Hannibal’s Route of Invasion

Punic Wars

Battle of Cannae 215 B.C. Battle of Zama

The Empire

• Julius Caesar gain control in 45 B.C., assassinated in 44 B.C.

• Octavian Augustus becomes first Roman Emperor (27 B.C. - 14 A.D.)

• Pax Romana - two centuries of peace and prosperity

• After 180 A.D. civil war weakens the empire

The Empire

Julius Caesar Octavian Augustus

Added to the mix

Mark Antony Cleopatra

Judaism and Christianity

• The Hebrews • Roman rule of the Jews • Christianity as a Jewish movement • Separation initiated by Paul - Spread belief

throughout the empire • Romans persecuted Christians

– Roman Circus – Underground movement

Judaism and Christianity

• The Hebrews • Roman rule of the Jews • Christianity as a Jewish movement • Separation initiated by Paul - Spread belief

throughout the empire • Romans persecuted Christians

– Roman Circus – Underground movement

Saint Paul

Saint Peter

• First Bishop of Rome. • First Pope. • Martyred in Rome for

his faith.

The Great Persecutor - Nero

Coliseum

Coliseum

Christianity Continued

• Nero - the great persecutor • Persecution ended by Constantine in A.D. 312 • Made official religion of Rome in 380 A.D. by

Theodosius • Bishop of Rome = Pope in west • Emperor of Constantinople leader of church in

east • Augustine of Hippo

First Christian Emperors

Constantine Theodosius

The Early Middle Ages

• 500-1000 A.D. • Medieval • Breakdown of Roman Civilization • Franks and Charlemagne • The Northmen • Feudal Europe • Civilization of the Early Middle Ages

Breakdown of Roman Civilization

• The Germans – Goths – Visigoths – Vandals – Ostrogoths – Anglo-Saxons

• The Huns • Barbarian Invasions

• Terms – autarkic : self sufficient – vernaculars: local

languages derived from Latin

– barbarian : someone from outside Rome

The Franks

• Clovis founder of

Frankish Power – c. 496 converted to

orthodox Catholic – split kingdom among

heirs – by 7th century diluted

power.

• Pepin – hereditary offices – Pepin III (the short) King

of Franks r. 751-768 A.D. – Supported the Pope and

gave Vatican City to Pope after taking it from Lombards

Frankish Kings

Pepin III Charlemagne

Charlemagne 742-814

• Completed destruction of Lombards

• r. 768-814 • provinces were called

“marks” or “marches” • Crowned Emperor of

Rome Christmas day 800 A.D. by Pope Leo III

• Also known as Charles the Great

• Territory included 300 counties

The Northmen

• “Vikings” • Scandinavia • Sea going vessels • Raided up Thames,

Seine and Loire • Booty • Polygamy

• Normandy granted as permanent settlement to Rolf (Rollo) c. 860 - c.931 byFrankish King.

• Duke William conquers England in 1066.

Vikings

Viking Ships