Topics

• Mexican-Americans 1848-1900 (Southwest)

• Tuesday Sept. 30 Exam 1

– Scantron

– Bluebook

I. 1848-1900 the 1st Mexican-

American Generation

II. 1900-1929 Mexico Lindo Generation or Immigrant Gen.

III. 1930-1964 Mexican-American Generation

IV. 1965-1979 Chicano Generation

V. 1980-2000 Hispanic/Latino Gen.

Explain how the 1st generation of Mexican-Americans dealt with the political and social changes in the U.S. Southwest after the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848.

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Compromise of 1850

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6

1848-1900

Economy

Political

Control

Resistance Socialization

Santa Fe Ring

• Group of lawyers & land speculators

• Largest landowners in New Mexico

San Luis Colorado 1851 Land Grant Sangre de Cristo

Doña Maria Gertrudis Barceló Doña Tules 1800-1852

• Santa Fe, New Mexico

• Independent business woman

Miguel Antonio Otero

• Governor of New Mexico Territory 1897-1906

Elfego Baca 1865-1945

• Deputy Sheriff in Socorro, NM

• Frisco Shootout with Texans 1884

Las Gorras Blancas, Las Vegas, NM

• Founded in April 1889 by brothers Juan Jose, Pablo, and Nicanor Herrera

• Proclamation of Las Gorras 1890

• “Our purpose is to protect the rights and interests of the people in general; especially those of the helpless classes.”

• Newspaper La Voz de Pueblo

• Santa Fe, NM 1889

• 1890 People’s Party (Partido del Pueblo Unido )

• Hispanics & Anglos

• Alternative to Democrats & Republicans

New Mexico Constitution 1912

• ARTICLE II - BILL OF RIGHTS

• Sec. 5. [Rights under Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo preserved.]

• The rights, privileges and immunities, civil, political and religious guaranteed to the people of New Mexico by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo shall be preserved inviolate.

Arizona • Tucson

• 500 Mexican pop.

• Few Anglo-Americans in southern Arizona

• Apache Threat – Forces bicultural cooperation

• April 1874 Camp Grant Massacre

• Geronimo captured in 1886

• Pedro Aguirre 1852

• Merchant

• Estevan Ochoa 1831-1888

• Tucson Mayor 1876

Don Mariano G. Samaniego 1844-1907

• Fought for the rights of the Mexican immigrants

• Encourage participation in the U.S. political process

• Leader of Tucson

• Supports Alianza Hispano-Americana 1894

• History of Chicanos in Southern Arizona pt. 1

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PW6n9hMzVEY&feature=related

• History of Chicanos in Southern Arizona pt. 2

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dyGIhetHqEg&feature=relmfu

• History of Chicanos in Southern Arizona pt. 3

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1R2W7e0eNY&feature=relmfu

Mariano Vallejo 1807-1890

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• Sept. 1849 Monterrey

• 7 californios

• 1849 Constitution

– Based on NY state’s Constitution

– Prohibited Slavery

– Required laws to be published in 2 languages

– Granted women the right to own property

1849 California Constitution

1849 California Constitution

• ARTICLE XI.

• Sec. 21. All laws, decrees, regulations, and provisions, which from their nature require publication, shall be published in English and Spanish.

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1848-1900

Economy

Political

Control

Resistance Socialization

Diseño del Rancho de San Juan Bautista : [Santa Clara Co., Calif.]

1851 California Land Act • Provided that claims to all lands in California be

presented within two years of the date of the act

• Many people didn’t know the requirements and therefore lost their land

• 200 families 14 million acres

• 1880-1890 only 5 % of Californios landowners

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1848-1900

Economy

Political

Control

Resistance Socialization

1855 Vagrancy Act Greaser Act

• Defined vagrants as “all persons who [were] commonly known as ‘Greasers’”

• Anti-loitering act

Gold Rush Jan.24 1848

"California News"

A New York paper reported in 1849

that "gold news has unsettled the

minds of even the most cautious and

careful among us." (Gilman Paper

Company Collection)

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"California News"

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

View of the Place of Anchorage at Yerba Buena

(1846 hand-colored lithograph) F. Teschmaker

E. Godchaux Vue de San Francisco, 1851

Sunday Morning in the Mines by Charles Nahl

• 48ers

• 49ers

• 3 Routes

– Around the Horn

– Via Panama

– Overland

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The California Gold Rush

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• Sutter’s Mill January 24, 1848

– James Wilson Marshall

– Sam Brannan

– 48ers

– Polk’s Message Dec.5, 1848

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Sonora

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48ers Sonorans

Batea Arrastre

Nativism: a policy of excluding immigrants and non-whites

• Attacks on Chileans

• 1850 Foreign Miners’ Tax

• Lynching of Juanita

Attacks on Chileans

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The Lynching of Juanita 1851

Joaquin Murrieta

• Sonoran miner

• Brother & father killed

• Band of 5 Joaquins

• Bernardino Garcia ( 3 finger jack)

• California Rangers capture 3 finger Jack and one of the Joaquins

• http://www.laits.utexas.edu/jaime/cwp4/JMG/corido.html

• El Corrido de Joaquin Murrieta

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBg6n0rosYc&feature=related

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJ7irflWmm8

Tiburcio Vasquez 1835-1875 Californio

Monterey family

“A spirit of hatred and revenge took possession of me. I had numerous fights in defense of what I believed to be my rights and those of my countrymen. I believed we were unjustly deprived of the social rights that belonged to us."

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Californios

• Antonio Coronel • Pio Pico

Maria Ruiz de Burton 1832-1895

• Born in Baja California

• Married Henry S. Burton & moved to Monterey, CA

• 1853 Rancho Jamul

• Legal battle to keep her property

• Author: Who Would Have Thought It? (1872) and The Squatter and the Don (1885).

• First Mexican-American to write in English

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12th Governor of California ( was not elected) February 27, 1875 – December 9, 1875

Romualdo Pacheco

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El Clamor Publico 1855-1859

Franciso P. Ramirez http://vimeo.com/25162915

• Supporter of American democracy and equality

• Called for political participation & assimilation

• “... let us divest ourselves of all bygone traditions, and become Americanized all over—in language, in manners, in customs and in habits.” June 18, 1859, editorial in English

1857 Californio Migration

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