Human Factors & Ergonomics

2nd Meeting

Tujuan

1. Memahami proses penginderaan pada manusia

2. Memahami prinsip perceptual organization

3. Memahami tahapan informational processing

4. Memahami penerapan informational processing dengan keselamatan jalan

Human Factors & Ergonomics

Sensation & Perception

HFE

interactionsamong humans and other elements of a system

- human abilities- human limitations- behavioral patterns,

etc

the design of person–machine systems

a system which involves an interaction between people and other system components, such as hardware, software, tasks, environments, and work structures

Human factor model

Interaction involves a continuous exchange of information

Sensation & perception

- How people sense & perceive- The characteristics and limitations

of the human sensory and perceptual systems

Sensori modalitities

Vision Audition Olfaction Gustation Somasthesis

Vestibular system

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All sensory systems extract information about four characteristics of stimulation: the sensory modality and submodalities (e.g.,

touch as opposed to pain) the stimulus intensity the duration of the stimulation its location

Receptors

Sensory transduction: the conversion of physical stimulus energy into electrochemical energy in the nervous system

Neurons

Dendrites, axons, synapses

Brain

Stimulus

Primary sensory receiving areas of the cerebral cortex (Proctor & Proctor, 2012)

Vision

Audition

Vestibular System and Senseof Balance

The vestibular system provides us with our sense of balance. It contributes to the perception of bodily motion and helps in maintaining an upright posture and and the position of the eyes when head movements occur

The sense organs for the vestibular system are contained within a part of the inner ear called the vestibule, which is a hollow region of bone near the oval window.

Somatic Sensory System

The somatic sensory system is composed of four distinct modalities: Touch is the sensation elicited by mechanical

stimulation of the skin Proprioception is the sensation elicited by

mechanical displacements of the muscles and joints

Pain is elicited by stimuli of sufficient intensity to damage tissue

Thermal sensations are elicited by cool and warm stimuli

Gustation

The sensory receptors: taste budsThey line the walls of bumps on the

tongue that are called papillae, as well as being located in the throat, the roof of the mouth, and inside the cheeks

Olfaction

Receptor cells located in the olfactory epithelium, a region of the nasal cavity

An olfactory rod extends from each receptor and goes to the surface of the epithelium

Near the end of the olfactory rod is a knob from which olfactory cilia project

Perceptual Organization

Gestalt psychologists: “The whole is more than the sum of the parts.”

The overriding principle of perceptual organization is that of pragnanz: the organizational processes will produce the simplest possible organization allowed by the conditions

Ruben’s vase

Gestalt organizational principles

Configural dimensions. The bracket context helps in discriminating the line whose slope is different from the rest

Tilted-T group appears more distinct fromupright T’s than do backward-L characters

Human Factors & ErgonomicsSelection & Control of Action

Speed–accuracy trade-off. Depending on instructions, payoffs, and other factors, when a person must choose a response to a stimulus, he or she canvary the combination of response speed and accuracy between the extremes of very fast with low accuracy orvery slow with high accuracy

Hick–Hyman law: Reaction time increases as a function of the amount of information transmitted

Central bottleneck model. Response selection for task 2 cannot begin until that for task 1 is completed. S1 and S2 are the stimuli for tasks 1 and 2, respectively, and R1 and R2 are the responses.

Fitts’s law: Movement time increases as afunction of the index of difficulty [log2(2D/W)]

Human Factors & Ergonomics

Informational Processing

Two representations of information processing: (a) traditional open-loop representation from cognitive psychology; (b) closed-loop system, following the tradition of engineering feedback models

Approaches to Informational Processing

1. Stage approach: information was conceived as passing through a finite number of discrete stages

2. Ecological approach: emphasis on the integrated flow of information through the human, emphasizes the human’s integrated interaction with the environment

3. Cognitive engineering (cognitive ergonomics): a hybrid of the two

Model of human information processing

Atention

Human information processing as a filtering process human attention

Attention: Selective attention: chooses what to process in

the environment Focused attention: the efforts to sustain

processing of those elements while avoiding distraction from others

Divided attention: the ability to process more than one attribute or element of the environment at a given time

Selective Attention

Influenced by: Salience Effort Expectancy Value

Focused Attention

The goal is to maintain processing of the desired source and avoid the distracting influence of potentially competing sources

Naraghi, 2003 (www.ctre.iastate.edu)

Sumber

Naraghi, Hosein. 2003. Human factors in road traffic. http.  http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/educweb/ce552/docs/Ogden/D_Human%20factorschap3%20ogden.ppt.

Proctor, R.W dan Proctor, J.D. 2012. Sensation and Perception. Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics 4th ed., Gavriel Salvendy (Ed). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Proctor, R.W dan Vu, K.L. 2012. Selection and Control of Action. Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics 4th ed., Gavriel Salvendy (Ed). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Wickens, C.D dan Carswell, C.M. 2012. Informational Processing. Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics 4th ed., Gavriel Salvendy (Ed). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.