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Libro de Gramática

Hermosa Hammond1st PeriodoEspañol IV Honores

{El Presente

What’s happening AHORA!

Actions in the present time General Truths Near Future Literature Habitual Actions

El Presente: Usar

{ {-AR

- O- As- A- Amos- Aís- An

-ER and IR

- O- Es- E- Emos- Eís- En

El Presente: Regulares

Nosotros and Vosotros NEVER have stem changes in the present tense!

Construir, destruir, incluir have a y before the personal endings.

-AR & -ER stem changes: e to ie, o to i, u to ue.

Stem Changing Verbos!

Yo: Some of the –er/-ir verbos apply. A common verb with an irregular yo is

Saber, meaning to know, which is Yo Sé. -cer to –zco; -gir to –jo Prefixes attached to verbs follow the same

rules as their root, even in the irregular yo form, such as conozco and reconozco.

Irregular Formas

Ser and Estar

To be or not to beThat is the question!

They both mean to be!

Los dos palabras se significan “to be” in Ingles. Ser means “to be” and it is

permanent. Estar es “to be” but it is not

permanent.

Para Usar….

estar

ser

{ {Ser

Place of origin Personality Possession Material Animals Profession or occupation Relationship Date Season Used to express the

permanence of an object

Estar

Condition Temporality Location or spatial relationshio Health and states Emotions Certain weather expressions

(esta nublado) Expressing death Variability Used to express

impermanence of an object.

A Comparison

{ {SER

SoyEresEsSomosSoisSon

Estar

EstoyEstásEstáEstamosEstaísEstán

Personal Forms

YoTuEllaNosotrosVosotrosEllas

{

Gustar means to please. Rather than “I like apples” as English says, Spanish says “Apples are pleasing to me.” Objects are attached to make a the “to me” part. So if the verb is gustar, apples is the subject, and “me” is what apples are pleasing to, you would read “Me gustan manzanas.”

Gustar = VerbsMe = I Object PronounManzanas = Subject

N is added to the verb when the subject is plural, one apple = “Me gusta la manzana.” More than one? “Me gustan manzanas.”

Verbos Como Gustar

Abburir Caer bien Caer mal Doler Faltar Encantar Disgustar Fascinar Importar Interesar Sorprender Importar

More verbos como Gustar

Extra Points adding a + mi/ti, for example adds emphasisto the thing or person or self that is being “gusta-ed”(pleased)

Verbs like gustar have plural and singular forms, adding an n makes it plural, but it refers to the subject, not IO pronoun.

{Continuing?Done?The important questions!

Preterit vs. Imperfect

{ {Preterit

Seen as completed action Definite beginning and

ending Does not lack specificity. Trigger words: ayer,

anoche, desde el primer momento, la semana pasada, entonces, ayer por la tarde

Imperfect

Not seen as a completed action

Indefinite ending or beginning

Vague or general Things you “used to do.” Trigger words: cuando era

un niño, con frecuencia, mucho, nunca, muchas veces, siempre, todas las semanas, todos los dias

Both are past actions, but…

{ {AR

- Aste- Ó- Amos- Asteis- Aron

ER/IR

ísteIóImosIsteisIeron

Regular Preterit

{ {AR

AbaAbasAbaÁbamosAbaisaban

ER/IR

ÍaÍasÍaÍamosÍaisÍan

Regular Impefect

Ser and Ir are the twins, conjugated the same:

FuiFuisteFue

FuemosFuisteisFueron

Irregular Preterit

Dar Hacer Decir Traer Ver

Di Hice Dije Traje Vi

Diste Hiciste Dijiste Trajiste Viste

Dio Hizo Dijo Trajo Vio

Dimos Hicimos Dhimos Trajimos Vimos

Disteis Hicisteis Dijisteis Trajisteis Visteis

Dieron Hicieron Dijeron Trajieron Vieron

Irregular Preterit

Car, gar, zar

Qu Gu C

Verbo Change

Andar Anduv

Estar Estuv

Tener Tuv

Caber Cup

Haber Hub

Poder Pud

Poner Pus

Irreg

ula

r Pre

terit

Verbo Change

Saber Sup

Hacer Hic

Querer Quis

Venir vin

-e:-iste-o

-imos:-isteis-ieron

Ir Ser Ver

Iba Era Veía

Ibas Eras Veías

Iba Era Veía

Ibamos Eramos Veíamos

Ibais Erais Veíais

Ibas Eran Veían

Irregular Imperfect

Transitive has object Intransitive does not. Can sometimes be used with prepositions a, de, and

en. Object is also subject in many cases. Examples of reflexive verbs:

Abburirse – to become bored Ponerse – to get or to become Acordarse –to remember Comerse– to eat up Dormirse – to fall asleep Mudarse – to move Ponerse – to put on clothing quitarse – to take off clothing.

Reflexive Verbs

What will happen? Expresses wonder or probability in current state. Can be expressed by conjugated ir + infinitive. Some irregulares:

Tener – tedr Salir – saldr Haber – habr Decir – dir Caber – cabr Hacer – har

Regular verbs end in É Ás Á Emos Éis Án

Future.

Would / should / could Regulars end in: ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais,

ían. Irregulars mainly the same as future. Use for speculation about the past or

future, reported speech, advice, polite requests, etc.

Conditional expresses what might happen by probability, wonder, or conjecture.

Combine two sentences that share a common noun.

Related to a noun that has previously been stated already.

Introduction to a clause that modifies a noun.

Que vs Cual Q- what C- which Q – definitions C- used before es, not in

definitions Q- before nouns C- suggests from a group,

suggestions, clauses

Relative Pronouns

Just like in english, adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

In english we often add –ly to adjectives to make adverbs, the spanish equivalent is –mente.

Carinoso = carinosamente Kindly

Adverbs

Indicate smallness (diminutive) Indicates affection You can drop o or a from almost any

noun and ad ito or ita Cito or cita can be added to words not

ending in o or a Nino ninito

Diminutives

Indicates largeness Opposite of diminutive Can end in anzo/a, on/a, ucho/a, acho/a,

or udo/a. NOT affectionate.

Augmentatives

What had happened in the past Formed using Haber + past participle verb… which are formed by

adding ado to –ar verbs and ido to –er/ir verbs.

He Has Han Hemos Hebais Han

Subjunctive:HayaHayasHayaHayamosHayaisHayan

Present Perfect

+ Past Participle

Reflexive pronouns when subject is also object.

Equivalent of the passive voice in english Can replace le or les to avoid two l

pronouns!

SE

Agree with noun in gender and number Follow same rules regarding er/ir and

then ar verbs.

Past Participles as Adjectives

Hace + time + que Hace tres anos que voy a mexico. It has been two years since I have been to

mexico. Negatives can be formed by adding “no”

simply. Present tense uses desde. Verb + desde hace + time

Yo voy a mexico desde hace dos anos. I have been going to mexico for two years.

Expressing time using hacer.

Event hasn’t happened, but is expected to happen.

Equivalent of english “will” or “shall” happen. Formed by the future indicative of haber and

the participle form.

Habré Habrás Habrá Habremos Habréis habrán

Future perfect

Something that would have happened If In the past Superstition/probability Haber + past participle

Habría Habrías Habrían Habríamos Habrías Habrían

Conditional Perfect Tense

If liklihood is expressed, si can be used. With present indicative.

If condition is contrary or unlikely, si can be used with past subjunctive verbs.

It may precede the sentence, or not.

Si

Cause and effect: ya que, como, porque Clarification: en otras palabras Explanation: ademas Contrast and similarity: sin embargo,

igualmente General and specific: espesificamente Intro and conclusion: el primero lugar –

para concluir.

Transitional Expressions

Coordinating conjunctions Equivalent of english “but” Pero indicates contrast of things or ideas Sino is used when the part of the

sentence following the conjunction is negative, meaning something closer to “rather.”

Pero and Sino

Used with a generalized subject, subject that refers to something else, or a peripheral subject.

Whatever receives the action of the verb comes first.

Followed by verb “to be” Followed by participle Ser is usd Subject would be a DO if written actively.

El coche fue rompido por la arbol.

Passive voice. Shhhh….

Negative: nobody or nothing Nada: nothing Nadie: nobody Ningun: not any Ni: neither Tampoco: neither

Indefinite: ambiguous Algo: something Alguien: someone Alguna vez: some time Alguno: some Cualquier: which

Algo pasó.

Negative and Indefinite Expressions

Formed by adding auxiliary verb of had with a participle.

Negatives formed by adding no prior to haber.

Había Habías Había Habíamos

+participle Habías Habían

Past Perfecto

Completed actions Actions that happened before another

action. Conditional constructions hypothetical Imperfect sub. Of haber is used

alongside a past participle.

Past Perfecto Subjunctivo

-ar -er -ir

Subject (gerund) english equivalent of –ing

Predicate nominative Objects

Verb preposition

Infinitives

Form a phrase! Tell location, approximation, etc. Almost always followed by adjective.

A Con Contra Antes de Durante En Entre Hasta Para Por Sin sobre

Prepositions