Hemoglobin vs Myoglobin•Arterial: 7.35-7.45• Venous: 7.32-7.42•Muscles: 6.8-7.1

Review• Obj 1-7

• Obj 11 as it compares to skeletal muscle

• Obj 12 – particularly the differences and why those differences exist

• Obj 15-16

• Obj 18

• Obj 20-23

Heart Valves• Pulmonary and

Aortic Semilunar Valves

• Tricuspid – between RA and RV

• Bicuspid – between LA and LV

Heart Layers

•Myocardium – involuntary, striated muscle

• Endocardium – innermost layer, develops from endothelial cells that line blood vessels, protects

• Epicardium – membrane that forms inner layer of pericardium and outer layer of the heart

Pericardium• Protects from infections

• Prevents excess dilation

• Lubricates

• Keeps the heart from ‘wandering’

Blood Vessels:•Arteries – carry blood FROM the

heart•Arterioles – smaller, branching

vessels from arteries•Capillaries – small, narrow vessels.

SIGHT OF DIFFUSION• Veins – carry blood TO the heart• Venules – smaller, branching

vessels, collect blood from capillaries and send to veins

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCKaduujo0cgCFVL-Ywodoc8Iqw&url=http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/A%26P2%20Blood%20Vessel%20Lab.htm&psig=AFQjCNEV5bR63vPD53JFQR7Nm-XSu3iMqQ&ust=1445456828548111

Cardiac Muscle • Each cell has single nucleus. Hmmmm…

• Skeletal muscle - multinucleated

• What does that mean?

• Cardiac muscle demonstrates “self excitation”

• Can ‘beat’ on it’s own, but is controlled by brain

Cardiac Muscle • Sarcolemma still releases Ca++

• Uptake is SLOWER/remains in sarcoplasm longer

• What does that mean?

• Not capable of ‘fast’ contractions or tetanus

• Doesn’t usually run low on ATP!

• Doesn’t fatigue!!

• Increased ability to remove oxygen from blood helps too

HEMOGLOBIN!!

Hemoglobin• 250-300 MILLION per rbc•Made of four subunits (2 and 2)

Hemoglobin• 250-300 MILLION per rbc•Made of four subunits (2 and 2)•Hb in blood, MYOglobin in muscles• VERY similar molecules•Myoglobin binds

oxygen ‘better’

Hemoglobin vs Myoglobin•Myoglobin binds oxygen ‘better’

Obj 17 CO2 and O2

•Hb doesn’t bind CO2 as well•But it combines with water (with enzymes

from rbc) to form carbonic acid• This WILL dissolve in blood• Lower pH DECREASES Hb’s ability to

bind O2!

Blood and your Brain

• Your ‘brain’ monitors blood pH•When it drops, respiration increases•Hyperventilation?

Back to Fetal Circulation…• If Hb binds oxygen, why would the mother’s

Hb give it up AT THE SAME POINT the fetus binds it?•Different Hb!• Fetal Hb has a higher affinity for oxygen!

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin

• Just ONE amino acid change (x2 because it happens in each subunit)

• From ‘sticky’ to ‘greasy’

• And this causes big problems

Sickle Cell

Sickle Cell in the World

Malaria in the World

Your turn• Obj 20, 22 (15 min)

Obj 21• Antigens – proteins on cells that tell

your immune system you’re ‘you’

• Blood cells can have two different antigens; “A” or “B”… or NO antigens “O”

• If your parents are AA and BB you will be AB, etc.

Obj 21• You also produce ANTIBODIES to

attack foreign objects.

• IF you have “A” antigens, your body sees that as ‘you’

• But will produce “B” antibodies

• So if you’re Type-A and get a blood transfusion with B…

• Your immune system will attack it

Obj 21

Obj 21• Since “AB” has

both antigens..?

• “Universal recipient”

• Type O has NO antigens, so..?

• “Universal donor”

Obj 21• Rh factor works the same way

• IF you have the Rh factor on your blood cells, you’re Rh+

• Don’t produce antibodies

• The true Universal Donor is…

• O-

Homework• Test on Monday