Post on 27-May-2018
PESTICIDE USAGE SURVEY REPORT 233
HARDY ORNAMENTAL NURSERY STOCK
IN GREAT BRITAIN
2009
D.G. Garthwaite, I. Barker, G. Parrish, L. Smith & C. Chippindale
Agricultural Survey Team
Food & Environment Research Agency
Sand Hutton
York
YO41 1LZ
Department for Food, Environment and Rural Affairs
i
A NATIONAL STATISTICS SURVEY
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undergo regular quality assurance reviews to ensure that they meet customers’ needs. They are free from any political
interference.
For general enquiries about the Office for National Statistics, contact the National Statistics Public Enquiry Service email
info@statistics.gov.uk, phone 0845 601 3034 or visit the website: www.statistics.gov.uk.
To download further copies of this report please visit:
http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/scienceResearch/science/lus/pesticideUsage.cfm
1
CONTENTS Executive Summary 2 Introduction 3 Trends 4 Crops 5 Pesticide Usage 6
Pesticide Usage on Fruit Stock 7
Pesticide Usage on Roses 11
Pesticide Usage on Ornamental Trees 15
Pesticide Usage on Shrubs etc. 19
Pesticide Usage on Herbaceous Plants 23
Pesticide Usage on Mixed Cropping 27
Pesticide Usage on Christmas trees 31
Appendix 1 – Foliar Application Tables 35 Appendix 3 – Definitions 50 Appendix 4 – Methodology 51
Acknowledgements 52
References 52
2
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report contains information concerning all aspects of pesticide usage on hardy ornamental nursery stock covering a full 12-month period from the beginning of autumn 2009 through to the end of summer 2010 growing season. The actual span of 12 months varied from holding to holding according to convenience for the grower and recording system. Garden centres were excluded from this survey. Information concerning seven types of hardy ornamental nursery stock crops and data on pesticide usage were collected from 625 examples grown on 272 holdings throughout Great Britain. The sample accounted for 12% of the total area of hardy ornamental nursery stock grown in Great Britain during the 2009/10 season. Plants for sale to growers and gardeners accounted for 92% of the total area grown with stock plants comprising 8% of the total. One holding was registered organic. A comparison is made with previous surveys of hardy ornamental nursery stock conducted in 1997, 2001 and 2005.
The area of hardy ornamental nursery stock grown had increased by 83% since 2005 and by 80% since 2001. However, the use of data obtained from the British Christmas Tree Growers Association (BCTGA) is responsible for the bulk of this change. Data on Christmas-tree areas from the June survey had been used in previous surveys but the BCTGA felt that this was not representing the true area of this crop grown by their members. This change in the Christmas-tree area dominates many of the overall changes, particularly herbicide usage, in pesticide usage on hardy ornamental nursery stock. Christmas trees accounted for 71% of the total area of hardy ornamental nursery stock grown and the relatively large area grown in Scotland mean that Scotland is important in terms of both the total area of all crops grown (31% of the total) and the total pesticide treated area (29% of the total).
Despite the increases in the area of hardy ornamental nursery stock grown, the area treated with registered pesticides decreased by 32% since 2005 and by 37% since 1997. Similarly, in terms of the weight of pesticides applied, there has been a 58% decrease since the last survey and a 61% decrease since 1997. The discrepancy between the drop in areas treated and weight applied is due to a significant reduction, 83%, in the area treated with soil sterilants, normally applied at a relatively high rate, in 2009. The decline in the pesticide treated area and weight applied was consistent across all of the major pesticide groups including herbicides, fungicides and insecticides.
In contrast to the decrease in the areas treated and weight applied of registered pesticides, the use of “other pesticides”, principally compost tea and carbonic acid diamide/urea, increased by 48% in terms of area treated, with a doubling in weight applied since the last survey in 2005.
Mixed cropping (see Definitions, page 50) accounted for 8% of the total area of crops grown in the survey. All other hardy ornamental nursery stock were predominantly field-grown and comprised Christmas trees, accounting for 71% of the total area of crops grown in the survey, ornamental trees 12%, shrubs etc. 3%, herbaceous plants 3%, roses 2% and fruit stock one percent. Approximately 71% of the area of hardy ornamental nursery stock was grown in four regions, Scotland, London & the South East, Eastern and the West Midlands, with less than 10% being grown in each of the remaining six areas.
Approximately 78% of all crops received some form of treatment, although the proportion left untreated varied from crop group to crop group. Almost all, (96%), roses received some form of treatment, as did 90% of ornamental trees. By contrast, 56% of herbaceous plants, 28% of shrubs etc., 23% of Christmas trees and 22% of fruit stock remained untreated. Overall, an average of seven sprays, eight products and 9 active substances were applied to hardy ornamental nursery stock crops.
Herbicides accounted for 56% of the total pesticide-treated area of hardy ornamental nursery stock crops grown in Great Britain in 2009, insecticides 17%, fungicides 17%, “other pesticides” 3%, sulphur 3%, acaricides 2%, growth regulators and molluscicides & repellents one percent each. In terms of weight of active substances applied, "other pesticides", principally compost tea, accounted for 45% of the total, herbicides 36%, sulphur 8%, fungicides 7%, insecticides 3% and acaricides, growth regulators and molluscicides & repellents less than one percent each.
3
INTRODUCTION
The independent Advisory Committee on Pesticides advises government on all aspects of pesticide use. The Committee
must regularly monitor the usage of all pesticides. It needs accurate data on the usage of individual pesticides.
As part of the ongoing process for obtaining data, the Pesticide Usage Survey Team of the Food & Environment Research
Agency, an executive agency of the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, conducted a survey of pesticide
usage in hardy ornamental nursery stock for crops grown in 2009. Holdings were visited throughout Great Britain during
the autumn of 2009 to spring 2010. Applications of pesticides considered to be appropriate to the 2009 survey included
those made from the time following harvest in 2008 through to the end of harvest in 2009.
This was the eighth survey of pesticide usage solely on hardy ornamental nursery stock carried out by the Pesticide Usage
Survey teams. Previous surveys of usage in Great Britain have been reported for 2005, 2001, 1997 and 1993 (Garthwaite
& Thomas, 2006; 2003; 1999; 1995).
All surveys of pesticide usage in agriculture and horticulture are fully co-ordinated by the survey teams of England &
Wales and Scotland and reports are produced of pesticide usage throughout Great Britain. Information on all aspects of
pesticide usage, additional agronomic and varietal information relating to Great Britain plus the regions of England &
Wales can be obtained from the Pesticide Usage Survey Team at the Food & Environment Research Agency, Sand
Hutton. Further data related specifically to Scotland can be obtained from the Pesticide Usage Survey Team at Science
and Advice for Scottish Agriculture (SASA), Edinburgh.
Information on all aspects of pesticide usage in Great Britain as a whole, or for Wales or the Defra regions of England may be obtained from the Pesticide Usage Survey Team at the Food & Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, UK YO41 1LZ (see also: http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/scienceResearch/science/lus/pesticideUsage.cfm).
Further data relating specifically to Scotland may be obtained from the Pesticide Usage Survey Team at the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, Edinburgh (http://www.sasa.gov.uk/pesticide_wildlife/pesticide_usage/index.cfm).
Copies of reports on pesticide usage in Northern Ireland may be obtained from Her Majesty's Stationery Offices (see also: http://www.afbini.gov.uk/index/services/specialist-advice/pesticide-usage-overview.htm).
Recently published reports for Great Britain, England & Wales and Northern Ireland can also be viewed and downloaded on the Internet at: http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/scienceResearch/science/lus/pesticideUsage.cfm
4
TRENDS
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
1997 2001 2005 2009
Figure 1 - Changes in the area of hardy ornamental nursery stock grown in Great Britain -1997 - 2009
Area grown (ha)
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
Acaricides Insecticides Fungicides Sulphur Growth regulators
Herbicides Molluscicides & repellents
Soil sterilants
Tre
ate
d he
cta
res
Figure 2 - Changes in the pesticide treated area of hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain - 1997 - 2009 (major pesticide groups only)
1997
2001
2005
2009
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
Acaricides Insecticides Fungicides Sulphur Growth regulators
Herbicides MolluscicidesSoil sterilants
Wei
ght
app
lied
(kg
)
Figure 3 - Changes in the weight of pesticides applied to hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain -1997 -2009 (major pesticide groups only)
1997
2001
2005
2009
5
CROPS
1% 2%
12% 3%3%
8%
71%
Figure 4 - Relative importance of hardy ornamental nursery stock crops grown in Great Britain - 2009
Fruit stock
Roses
Ornamental trees
Shrubs etc.
Herbaceous plants
Mixed areas
Christmas trees
9%
12%
16%
0%3%
8%11%
5%
4%
32%
Figure 5 - Regional distribution of hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain - 2009
East Midlands
Eastern
London & South East
North East
North West
South West
West Midlands
Yorkshire & the Humber
Wales
Scotland
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
East Midlands
Eastern London & South East
North East North West
South West West Midlands
Yorkshire & the
Humber
Wales Scotland
Figure 6 - Comparison of regional distribution and treated area of hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain - 2009
Area grown (ha)
Area treated (ha)
6
PESTICIDE USAGE
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides Growth regulators
Acaricides Sulphur Molluscicides Other pesticides
Per
cent
ag
e o
f app
lica
tions
Figure 7 - Pesticide usage on hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain - 2009 (area treated)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides Growth regulators
Acaricides Sulphur Molluscicides Other pesticides
Per
cent
ag
e o
f app
lica
tions
Figure 8 - Pesticide usage on on hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain 2009 (weight applied)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides Acaricides Sulphur Other pesticides All pesticides
Num
ber o
f app
lica
tions
Figure 9 - Average number of applications made to hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain - 2009
Spray rounds
Products
Active substances
7
PESTICIDE USAGE ON HARDY ORNAMENTAL NURSERY STOCK FRUIT STOCK
• An estimated 120 hectares of fruit stock was grown in Great Britain in 2009
• 1,142 treated hectares
• 0.73 tonnes applied
• 22% of fruit stock remained untreated
• Fruit stock received on average 5 fungicides, 3 insecticides, 2 herbicides and one sulphur application
• Fruit stock included fruit trees and rootstocks; raspberry canes; bush fruit including blackcurrants; and strawberries for runner production
• Strawberries for runner production received an average of 20 applications, top fruit 11, bush fruit 8 and cane fruit 2 applications
• It included both field-grown and container-grown fruit stock for sale to other growers and gardeners
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides Acaricides Sulphur
Per
cent
ag
e o
f tot
al
Figure 10 - Usage of pesticides on fruit stock in Great Britain - 2009
Area treated (ha)
Weight applied (kg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Per
cent
ag
e o
f a
pplic
atio
ns
Figure 11 - Timing of pesticide applications made to fruit stock in Great Britain - 2009
Acaricide
Fungicide
Herbicide
Insecticide
8
Fruit stock – Herbicides
• Area treated: 294 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 0.4 tonnes
• The five most common active substances were:
Formulation area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s. applied (kg)
Proportion of herbicide -
treated area
Proportion of census area
treated
Average number of
applications (where
applied)
Average proportion of full label rate
Oxadiazon 40 102 0.13 0.33 1.00 0.91
Pendimethalin 36 48 0.12 0.24 1.28 0.75
Clopyralid 31 2 0.11 0.07 4.00 0.38
Diquat 31 10 0.10 0.16 1.57 0.42
Glyphosate 29 43 0.10 0.17 1.39 0.87
82%
14%
3% 1%
Figure 12 - Fruit stock- reasons for use of herbicides ( where given) - 2009
general weed control
broad-leaved weed control
willowherb/other weed species
grass weed control
9
Fruit stock – Fungicides
• Area treated: 344 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 0.09 tonnes
• The five most common active substances were:
Formulation area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s. applied (kg)
Proportion of fungicide –treated area
Proportion of census area
treated
Average number of
applications (where
applied)
Average proportion of full label rate
Bupirimate 92 13 0.27 0.15 5.00 0.41
Myclobutanil 76 6 0.22 0.11 5.79 volumetric
Mancozeb 74 20 0.21 0.16 3.88 0.93
Kresoxim-methyl 37 2 0.11 0.15 2.00 0.63
Fenpropimorph 24 18 0.07 0.07 3.00 1.00
35%
21%
21%
11%
8% 4%
Figure 13 - Fruit stock - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given) - 2009
mildew/scab
mildew
leaf spot
general disease control
bacterial canker/shot hole
scab
Fruit stock – Sulphur
• Area treated: 74 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 0.1 tonnes
Eighty-eight percent of sulphur applications were made for the control of unspecified mites, 6% for rust mites and 6% for
pear sucker.
10
Fruit stock – Insecticides
• Area treated: 332 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 0.14 tonnes
• The five most common active substances were:
Formulation area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s. applied (kg)
Proportion of insecticide –treated area
Proportion of census area
treated
Average number of
applications (where
applied)
Average proportion of full label rate
Bifenthrin 110 1 0.33 0.15 6.00 volumetric
Chlorpyrifos 105 61 0.32 0.31 2.81 0.71
Lambda-cyhalothrin/pirimicarb 66 7 0.20 0.11 5.00 1.00
Imidacloprid 19 65 0.06 0.16 1.00 granular
Cypermethrin 15 0 0.05 0.03 4.00 0.71
44%
26%
11%
11%
5%
3%
Figure 14 - Fruit stock - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given) - 2009
pests
aphids
leaf curling midge/other pests
caterpillars
vine weevil
aphids/caterpillars
Fruit stock – Other pesticides Acaricides, with 91% of applications being used for gall mites and the remaining 9% for two-spotted spider mite, was the only other pesticide group recorded.
11
ROSES
• An estimated 324 hectares of roses were grown in Great Britain in 2009
• 3,281 treated hectares
• 1.62 tonnes applied
• 4% of roses remained untreated
• Roses received on average 4 fungicides, 2 herbicides and 2 insecticide applications
• 43% of roses sampled were less than one year old, 50% were two years old and the remainder three years old or of mixed ages
• This group included field-grown roses only – container-grown roses are reported in the ‘mixed cropping’ section
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides Sulphur Molluscicides
Per
cent
ag
e o
f tot
al
Figure 15 - Usage of pesticides on roses in Great Britain - 2009
Area treated (ha)
Weight applied (kg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Per
cent
ag
e o
f app
lica
tions
Figure 16 - Timing of pesticide applications made to roses in Great Britain - 2009
Fungicide
Herbicide
Insecticide
12
Roses – Herbicides
• Area treated: 970 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 0.84 tonnes
• The five most common active substances were:
Formulation area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s. applied (kg)
Proportion of herbicide -
treated area
Proportion of census area
treated
Average number of
applications (where
applied)
Average proportion of full label rate
Metazachlor 326 373 0.34 0.77 1.33 1.51
Isoxaben/terbuthylazine 152 75 0.16 0.33 1.44 1.00
Isoxaben 73 12 0.08 0.16 1.41 0.65
Oxadiazon 71 71 0.07 0.22 1.01 0.50
Clopyralid 67 6 0.07 0.14 1.45 0.46
Use of metazachlor appears to exceed the full label rate but although the average rate of application is at the upper end of the rate range for this product it is less than the maximum permitted rate of 2.5 litres of product/hectare.
73%
10%
10%6%
1%
Figure 17 - Roses - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given) - 2009
general weed control
grass weeds
broad-leaved weeds
thistles/other broad-leaved weeds
grass destruction
13
Roses – Fungicides
• Area treated: 1,496 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 0.31 tonnes
• The five most common active substances were:
Formulation area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s. applied (kg)
Proportion of fungicide –treated area
Proportion of census area
treated
Average number of
applications (where
applied)
Average proportion of full label rate
Myclobutanil 446 20 0.30 0.59 2.37 volumetric
Azoxystrobin 285 34 0.19 0.59 1.52 0.48
Carbendazim/flusilazole 216 20 0.14 0.33 2.06 0.31
Tebuconazole 184 22 0.12 0.31 1.84 0.47
Mancozeb 75 76 0.05 0.05 5.02 0.78
47%
29%
15%
9%
Figure 18 - Roses - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given) - 2009
general disease control
mildew/rust
black spot/mildew
mildew
Roses – Sulphur
• Area treated: 81 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 0.39 tonnes
Control of black spot and mildew was the only reason specified for the use of sulphur.
14
Roses – Insecticides
• Area treated: 733 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 0.09 tonnes
• The five most common active substances were:
Formulation area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s. applied (kg)
Proportion of insecticide –treated area
Proportion of census area
treated
Average number of
applications (where
applied)
Average proportion of full label rate
Pirimicarb 224 32 0.31 0.40 1.76 volumetric
Cypermethrin 213 3 0.29 0.39 1.68 0.48
Dimethoate 105 40 0.14 0.15 2.23 0.93
Deltamethrin 66 1 0.09 0.16 1.24 volumetric
Lambda-cyhalothrin/pirimicarb 48 5 0.07 0.09 1.69 1.00
77%
23%
Figure 19 - Roses - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given) - 2009
aphids
aphids/caterpillars
Roses – Other pesticides Molluscicides were the only other pesticide group recorded.
15
ORNAMENTAL TREES
• An estimated 1,745 hectares of ornamental trees were grown in Great Britain in 2009
• 8,574 treated hectares
• 30.95 tonnes applied
• 9% of ornamental trees remained untreated
• Ornamental trees received on average 4 fungicides, 3 herbicides and 3 insecticide applications
• Ornamental trees in their establishment year received an average of 13 applications whilst established trees received an average of 8 applications each year
• Field-grown ornamental trees only – containerised trees are reported in the ‘mixed cropping’ section
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides Growth regulators
Acaricides Sulphur Other pesticides
Per
cent
ag
e o
f tot
al
Figure 20 - Usage of pesticides on ornamental trees in Great Britain - 2009
Area treated (ha)
Weight applied (kg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Per
cent
ag
e o
f app
lica
tions
Figure 21 - Timing of pesticide applications made to ornamental trees in Great Britain - 2009
Fungicide
Growth regulator
Herbicide
Insecticide
16
Ornamental trees – Herbicides
• Area treated: 3,388 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 3.38 tonnes
• The five most common active substances were:
Formulation area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s. applied (kg)
Proportion of herbicide -
treated area
Proportion of census area
treated
Average number of
applications (where
applied)
Average proportion of full label rate
Glyphosate 1,525 1,671 0.45 0.45 1.94 0.60
Metazachlor 494 473 0.15 0.24 1.19 0.89
Pendimethalin 361 437 0.11 0.18 1.15 0.64
Isoxaben 243 50 0.07 0.11 1.32 0.82
Propyzamide 211 253 0.06 0.09 1.34 0.74
93%
3%4%
Figure 22 - Ornamental trees - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given) - 2009
general weed control
grass weeds
broad-leaved weeds
17
Ornamental trees – Fungicides
• Area treated: 2,605 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 2.45 tonnes
• The five most common active substances were:
Formulation area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s. applied (kg)
Proportion of fungicide –treated area
Proportion of census area
treated
Average number of
applications (where
applied)
Average proportion of full label rate
Potassium hydrogen carbonate 906 2,055 0.35 0.11 4.71 0.26
Azoxystrobin 824 206 0.32 0.13 3.59 1.00
Myclobutanil 505 38 0.19 0.08 3.48 volumetric
Bupirimate 183 60 0.07 0.06 1.86 0.47
Penconazole 45 2 0.02 0.01 2.44 1.00
79%
15%
3% 1% 1%1%
Figure 23 - Ornamental trees - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given) - 2009
general disease control
mildew
mildew/scab
leaf spot
bacterial canker/shothole
other diseases
.
18
Ornamental trees – Insecticides
• Area treated: 1,487 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 0.13 tonnes
• The five most common active substances were:
Formulation area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s. applied (kg)
Proportion of insecticide –treated area
Proportion of census area
treated
Average number of
applications (where
applied)
Average proportion of full label rate
Deltamethrin 634 5 0.43 0.10 3.67 0.99
Pirimicarb 273 39 0.18 0.04 3.88 volumetric
Lambda-cyhalothrin 179 2 0.12 0.03 2.94 1.83
Lambda-cyhalothrin/pirimicarb 134 14 0.09 0.02 4.28 0.99
Chlorpyrifos 85 44 0.06 0.02 3.09 0.97
The high rate of application reported for lambda-cyhalothrin is possibly due to confusion over the correct categorisation of the individual crop being treated. The approved rates for the main lambda-cyhalothrin product vary between 50 ml/ha for forestry trees and 90 ml/ha for outdoor ornamental plant production. The maximum rate for the same product in some outdoor vegetable crops is 150 ml/ha. In the current survey most of the “higher rates” encountered on ornamental trees fall below the 90 ml/ha (source - LIAISON).
53%42%
4%
1%
Figure 24 - Ornamental trees - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given) - 2009
unspecified pests
aphids
caterpillars
aphids/whitefly
Ornamental trees – Other pesticides Other pesticides, in particular carbonic acid diamide/urea and compost tea, were particularly important on this crop in terms of area treated, accounting for 10% and 3% of the total treated area respectively. In terms of weight applied, compost tea accounted for 73% of the total. The soil sterilant dazomet accounted for less than one percent of the total area treated but for 4% of the weight applied.
19
SHRUBS ETC.
• An estimated 395 hectares of shrubs etc. were grown in Great Britain in 2009
• 1,699 treated hectares
• 5.28 tonnes applied
• 28% of shrubs etc. remained untreated
• Shrubs etc. received on average 4 herbicides, 3 fungicides and 2 insecticide applications
• Conifers were less intensively treated receiving a total of 5 applications
• This group included field-grown shrubs; conifers; and hedging plants – container-grown shrubs are reported in the ‘mixed cropping’ section
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides Acaricides Sulphur Molluscicides Other pesticides
Per
cent
ag
e o
f tot
al
Figure 25 - Usage of pesticides on shrubs etc. in Great Britain - 2009
Area treated (ha)
Weight applied (kg)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Per
cent
ag
e o
f app
lica
tions
Figure 26 -Timing of pesticide applications made to shrubs etc. in Great Britain - 2009
Fungicide
Herbicide
Insecticide
20
Shrubs etc. – Herbicides
• Area treated: 771 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 0.67 tonnes
• The five most common active substances were:
Formulation area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s. applied (kg)
Proportion of herbicide -
treated area
Proportion of census area
treated
Average number of
applications (where
applied)
Average proportion of full label rate
Glyphosate 292 308 0.38 0.43 1.72 0.61
Propyzamide 123 104 0.16 0.29 1.07 0.50
Isoxaben 105 20 0.14 0.23 1.16 0.77
Metazachlor 95 103 0.12 0.19 1.27 1.27
Tepraloxydim 35 2 0.05 0.08 1.04 0.83
Use of metazachlor appears to exceed the full label rate but although the average rate of application is at the upper end of the rate range for this product it is still less than the maximum rate of 2.5 litres of product/hectare.
78%
8%
6%4% 4%
Figure 27 - Shrubs - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given) - 2009
general weed control
grass weeds
mares tail
willowherb/other broad-leaved weeds
broad-leaved weeds
21
Shrubs etc. – Fungicides
• Area treated: 680 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 0.23 tonnes
• The five most common active substances were:
Formulation area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s. applied (kg)
Proportion of fungicide –treated area
Proportion of census area
treated
Average number of
applications (where
applied)
Average proportion of full label rate
Bupirimate 138 39 0.20 0.17 2.02 0.41
Myclobutanil 126 12 0.18 0.14 2.26 volumetric
Cyflufenamid 80 2 0.12 0.10 2.00 1.00
Carbendazim 48 19 0.07 0.03 3.80 0.64
Azoxystrobin 41 10 0.06 0.06 1.82 1.00
49%
47%
3% 1%
Figure 28 - Shrubs - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given) - 2009
general disease control
mildew
root rots
other disease control
22
Shrubs etc. – Insecticides
• Area treated: 225 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 0.01 tonnes
• The five most common active substances were:
Formulation area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s. applied (kg)
Proportion of insecticide –treated area
Proportion of census area
treated
Average number of
applications (where
applied)
Average proportion of full label rate
Deltamethrin 94 1 0.42 0.08 2.86 volumetric
Lambda-cyhalothrin 69 1 0.30 0.07 2.40 1.77
Imidacloprid 18 1 0.08 0.03 1.50 1.00
Pirimicarb 16 2 0.07 0.03 1.41 volumetric
Chlorpyrifos 9 7 0.04 0.01 2.07 volumetric
As with ornamental trees the high rate of application reported for lambda-cyhalothrin is possibly due to confusion over the correct categorisation of the individual crop in being treated. The approved rates for the main lambda-cyhalothrin product vary between 50 ml/ha for forestry trees and 90 ml/ha for outdoor ornamental plant production. The maximum rate for the same product in some outdoor vegetable crops is 150 ml/ha. In the current survey most of the “higher rates” encountered on shrubs etc. fall below the 90 ml/ha (source - LIAISON).
50%
41%
4% 3% 2%
Figure 29 - Shrubs - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given) - 2009
aphids
pests
caterpillars
red spider mite
aphids/caterpillars
The control of red spider mite may seem an inappropriate reason for using an insecticide. However, some insecticides have both acaricidal and insecticidal properties. Where growers had specified red spider mite as a reason for use this could have included the control of either the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) or the fruit-tree red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi). Shrubs etc. – Other pesticides The soil sterilant dazomet was the principal other pesticide recorded, accounting for one percent of the total treated area but, because of the relatively high rates of this active substance, 82% of the weight applied.
23
HERBACEOUS PLANTS
• An estimated 367 hectares of herbaceous plants were grown in Great Britain in 2009
• 1,692 treated hectares
• 0.75 tonnes applied
• 56% of herbaceous plants remained untreated
• Herbaceous plants received on average 3 herbicides, 1 fungicide and 1 insecticide application
• This group included field-grown herbaceous plants only – container-grown herbaceous plants are reported in the ‘mixed cropping’ section
• Wallflowers accounted for 62% of the total area of herbaceous plants grown
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides Other pesticides
Per
cent
ag
e o
f tot
al
Figure 30 - Usage of pesticides on herbaceous plants in Great Britain - 2009
Area treated (ha)
Weight applied (kg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Per
cent
ag
e o
f app
lica
tions
Figure 31 - Timing of pesticide applications made to herbaceous plants in Great Britain - 2009
Fungicide
Herbicide
Insecticide
24
Herbaceous plants – Herbicides
• Area treated: 367 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 0.38 tonnes
• The five most common active substances were:
Formulation area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s. applied (kg)
Proportion of herbicide -
treated area
Proportion of census area
treated
Average number of
applications (where
applied)
Average proportion of full label rate
Glyphosate 203 212 0.48 0.18 3.05 0.62
Chlorthal-dimethyl 90 116 0.21 0.21 1.17 0.10
Trifluralin 63 55 0.15 0.17 1.00 0.78
Carfentrazone-ethyl 26 1 0.06 0.04 2.00 0.80
Metazachlor 23 17 0.05 0.06 1.01 0.61
88%
9% 3%
Figure 32 - Herbaceous plants - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given) - 2009
general weed control
broad-leaved weeds
nettles
25
Herbaceous plants – Fungicides
• Area treated: 910 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 0.33 tonnes
• The five most common active substances were:
Formulation area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s. applied (kg)
Proportion of fungicide –treated area
Proportion of census area
treated
Average number of
applications (where
applied)
Average proportion of full label rate
Iprodione 200 69 0.22 0.21 2.57 volumetric
Mancozeb 163 146 0.18 0.11 4.00 0.66
Prochloraz/propiconazole 163 39 0.18 0.11 4.00 0.49
Unspecified fungicides 163 0 0.18 0.11 4.00 -
Azoxystrobin 75 19 0.08 0.10 2.00 1.00
73%
12%
11%4%
Figure 33 - Herbaceous plants - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given) - 2009
general disease control
mildew
rust
root rots
26
Herbaceous plants – Insecticides
• Area treated: 414 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 0.05 tonnes
• The five most common active substances were:
Formulation area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s. applied (kg)
Proportion of insecticide –treated area
Proportion of census area
treated
Average number of
applications (where
applied)
Average proportion of full label rate
Cypermethrin 200 5 0.48 0.21 2.57 0.91
Deltamethrin 90 1 0.22 0.14 1.79 0.81
Lambda-cyhalothrin 74 <1 0.18 0.10 2.00 1.00
Pirimicarb 27 4 0.06 0.04 2.00 volumetric
Imidacloprid 22 37 0.05 0.06 1.00 1.00
36%
32%
12%
11%
5% 4%
Figure 34 - Herbaceous plants - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given) - 2009
caterpillars
aphids/caterpillars
aphids
leaf miners
vine weevil
unspecified pests
27
MIXED CROPPING
• There was an estimated 1,136 hectares of mixed cropping in Great Britain in 2009
• 4,541 treated hectares
• 8.39 tonnes applied
• 14% of mixed cropping remained untreated
• Mixed cropping received on average 3 fungicides, 2 herbicides, 2 insecticides and 1 “other pesticide” application
• Mixed cropping less than one year old received an average of 10 applications whilst those over a year old received an average of 4 applications each year
• This group included a wide range of container-grown stock, including herbaceous perennials; native and ornamental trees; shrubs; and specimen trees.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides Growth regulators
Acaricides Sulphur Molluscicides Other pesticides
Per
cent
ag
e o
f tot
al
Figure 35 - Usage of pesticides on mixed cropping in Great Britain - 2009
Area treated (ha)
Weight applied (kg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Per
cent
ag
e o
f app
lica
tions
Figure 36 -Timing of pesticide applications made to mixed cropping in Great Britain -2009
Acaricide
Fungicide
Growth regulator
Herbicide
Insecticide
28
Mixed cropping – Herbicides
• Area treated: 1,588 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 2.57 tonnes
• The five most common active substances were:
Formulation area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s. applied (kg)
Proportion of herbicide -
treated area
Proportion of census area
treated
Average number of
applications (where
applied)
Average proportion of full label rate
Oxadiazon 499 1,314 0.31 0.28 1.57 0.78
Glyphosate 450 668 0.28 0.25 1.60 0.86
Isoxaben 310 71 0.20 0.17 1.62 0.91
Glufosinate-ammonium 107 53 0.07 0.06 1.68 0.84
Metazachlor 60 66 0.04 0.05 1.11 0.87
88%
7%
2% 1%1%
1%
Figure 37 - Mixed cropping - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given) - 2009
general weed control
willowherb/ other broad-leaved weeds
bittercress/other broad-leaved weeds
liverworts/mosses
grass weeds
other weed species
29
Mixed cropping – Fungicides
• Area treated: 1,254 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 1.35 tonnes
• The five most common active substances were:
Formulation area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s. applied (kg)
Proportion of fungicide –treated area
Proportion of census area
treated
Average number of
applications (where
applied)
Average proportion of full label rate
Azoxystrobin 314 58 0.25 0.07 4.10 0.74
Myclobutanil 207 27 0.16 0.06 3.05 volumetric
Prochloraz 113 49 0.09 0.03 3.36 0.79
Chlorothalonil 85 67 0.07 0.04 2.00 0.36
Kresoxim-methyl 66 10 0.05 0.01 5.04 1.01
33%
12%
9%8%
7%
7%
6%
18%
Figure 38 - Mixed cropping - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given) - 2009
unspecified mildews
general disease control
bacterial canker/shothole
botrytis
powdery mildew
mildew/scab
downy mildew
other diseases
30
Mixed cropping – Insecticides
• Area treated: 1,018 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 1.54 tonnes
• The five most common active substances were:
Formulation area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s. applied (kg)
Proportion of insecticide –treated area
Proportion of census area
treated
Average number of
applications (where
applied)
Average proportion of full label rate
Pirimicarb 298 37 0.29 0.09 2.82 volumetric
Chlorpyrifos 169 883 0.17 0.14 1.04 0.40
Fipronil 107 16 0.11 0.10 1.01 granular
Thiacloprid 103 434 0.10 0.09 1.03 0.51
Imidacloprid 50 150 0.05 0.04 1.04 granular
53%
23%
12%
8%
2% 2%
Figure 39 - Mixed cropping - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given) - 2009
aphids
caterpillars
vine weevil
unspecified pests
red spider mite
other pests
The control of red spider mite may seem an inappropriate reason for using an insecticide. However, some insecticides have both acaricidal and insecticidal properties. Where growers had specified red spider mite as a reason for use this could have included the control of either the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) or the fruit-tree red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi).
Mixed cropping – Other pesticides Other pesticides, including surface cleaners, biological control agents and physical control agents, accounted for 6% of the total area treated. Molluscicides comprised a further 6%, growth regulators 2%, acaricides one percent and sulphur less than one percent. In terms of weight applied, the physical control agent, compost tea, accounted for 27% of the total. The main biological control agent, Steinernema feltiae, used principally for sciarid fly control, accounted for 64% of the area treated with biological control agents.
31
CHRISTMAS TREES
• An estimated 10,000 hectares of Christmas trees were grown in Great Britain in 2009 (BCTGA figures)
• 22,563 treated hectares
• 23.63 tonnes applied
• 23% of Christmas trees remained untreated
• Christmas trees received on average 2 herbicides and 1 insecticide application
• There was no recorded usage of fungicides
• This group included field-grown Christmas trees only – container-grown Christmas trees are reported in the ‘mixed cropping’ section
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Insecticides Herbicides Growth regulators
Acaricides Sulphur Other pesticides
Per
cent
ag
e o
f tot
al
Figure 40 - Usage of pesticides on Christmas trees in Great Britain - 2009
Area treated (ha)
Weight applied (kg)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Per
cent
ag
e o
f app
lica
tions
Figure 41 - Timing of pesticide applications made to Christmas trees in Great Britain - 2009
Acaricide
Herbicide
Insecticide
32
Christmas trees – Herbicides
• Area treated: 17,176 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 17.74 tonnes
• The five most common active substances were:
Formulation area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s. applied (kg)
Proportion of herbicide -
treated area
Proportion of census area
treated
Average number of
applications (where
applied)
Average proportion of full label rate
Glyphosate 10,246 10,922 0.60 0.63 1.62 0.32
Propyzamide 2,627 1,699 0.15 0.26 1.00 0.43
Pendimethalin 2,436 3,473 0.14 0.24 1.00 0.71
Cycloxydim 610 275 0.04 0.06 1.00 1.00
Metazachlor 367 416 0.02 0.04 1.00 1.38
Use of metazachlor appears to exceed the full label rate but although the average rate of application is at the upper end of the rate range for this product it is still less than the maximum rate of 2.5 litres of product/hectare.
82%
7%
4% 3% 2%1% 1%
Figure 42 - Christmas trees - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given) - 2009
general weed control
broad-leaved weeds
thistles/other broad-leaved weeds
nettles
grass weeds
brambles
other weed species
33
Christmas trees – Insecticides
• Area treated: 3,208 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 0.33 tonnes
• The five most common active substances were:
Formulation area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s. applied (kg)
Proportion of insecticide –treated area
Proportion of census area
treated
Average number of
applications (where
applied)
Average proportion of full label rate
Pirimicarb 1,372 200 0.43 0.10 1.34 volumetric
Deltamethrin 816 5 0.25 0.08 1.00 volumetric
Flonicamid 266 9 0.08 0.01 2.62 0.47
Cypermethrin 257 8 0.08 0.03 1.00 0.98
Lambda-cyhalothrin 139 1 0.04 0.01 1.00 1.42
As with ornamental trees and shrubs etc. the high rate of application reported for lambda-cyhalothrin is possibly due to confusion over the correct categorisation of the individual crop being treated. The approved rates for the main lambda-cyhalothrin product vary between 50 ml/ha for forestry trees and 90 ml/ha for outdoor ornamental plant production. The maximum rate for the same product in some outdoor vegetable crops is 150 ml/ha. In the current survey one of the “higher rates” encountered on Christmas trees is 150 ml/ha (source - LIAISON).
84%
10%
3% 2% 1%
Figure 43 - Christmas trees - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given) - 2009
aphids
spruce aphid
giant fir aphid
red spider mite
spinning mite
The control of mites may seem an inappropriate reason for using an insecticide. However, some insecticides have both
acaricidal and insecticidal properties. Although red spider mite was one the reasons specified by growers it is likely that
the mite species targeted was the conifer spinning mite (Oligonychus ununguis).
34
Christmas trees – Acaricides
• Area treated: 833 hectares
• Weight of active substances applied: 0.16 tonnes
• The three active substances recorded were:
Formulation area treated
(ha)
Weight of a.s. applied (kg)
Proportion of insecticide –treated area
Proportion of census area
treated
Average number of
applications (where
applied)
Average proportion of full label rate
Clofentezine 724 158 0.87 0.07 1.00 1.09
Fenpyroximate 81 4 0.10 0.01 1.23 0.43
Tebufenpyrad 29 <1 0.03 0.00 1.00 0.10
53%39%
7%
1%
Figure 44 - Christmas trees - Reasons for use of acaricides (where given) - 2009
unspecified mites
rsm
rust mites
spinning mite
Although red spider mite was one the reasons specified by growers it is likely that the mite species targeted was the
conifer spinning mite (Oligonychus ununguis). Christmas trees – Sulphur The use of sulphur accounted for 5% of the total area treated and 23% of the weight applied. Sixty-seven percent of applications were made for the control of rust mite, the remainder for conifer spinning mite. Although not an acaricide, sulphur is used on a number of crops, including Christmas trees, where under certain environmental conditions it does have an acaricidal effect.
Christmas trees – Other pesticides
1-napthylacetic acid was the only growth regulator recorded. The use of Chrysoperla carnea, for aphid control, was the
only biological control agent recorded.
35
APPENDIX 1 – DETAILED APPLICATION TABLES
Table 1 Area of hardy ornamental nursery stock grown in Great Britain (2009)
Crop group East Midlands
Eastern London & South East
North East North West South West West Midlands
Yorkshire & the Humber
Wales Scotland Great Britain
Fruit stock . 47 13 . . 18 25 . . 17 120
Roses 116 122 1 . 31 . 30 9 . 12 321
Ornamental trees 135 84 732 . 28 89 46 325 12 294 1,745
Shrubs etc. 6 26 78 . 5 114 103 11 5 47 395
Herbaceous plants 45 84 98 5 32 51 26 25 . 1 367
Mixed cropping 91 427 221 12 96 96 72 34 11 60 1,120
Christmas trees 860 922 1,052 15 243 789 1,261 359 500 4,001 10,000
All crops 1,253 1,712 2,195 32 435 1,157 1,563 763 528 4,432 14,068
36
Table 2 Treated area of hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain 2009 by crop group (spray hectares)
Chemical group Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants Mixed cropping Christmas trees All crops
Insecticides & nematicides 332 733 1,487 225 414 1,018 3,208 7,418
Fungicides 344 1,496 2,605 680 910 1,254 . 7,289
Herbicides 294 970 3,388 771 367 1,588 17,176 24,555
Growth regulators . . 3 . . 97 175 274
Acaricides 98 . 3 3 . 43 833 980
Sulphur 74 81 2 7 . 7 1,044 1,214
Molluscicides & repellents . 1 . 1 . 251 . 253
Other pesticides . . 1,086 12 1 283 127 1,508
All pesticides 1,143 3,281 8,574 1,698 1,692 4,540 22,563 43,492
Table 2a Weight of pesticides applied to hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain 2009 by crop group (kg of active substance)
Chemical group Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants Mixed cropping Christmas trees All crops
Insecticides & nematicides 138 88 125 13 47 1,538 331 2,280
Fungicides 92 309 2,453 230 329 1,349 . 4,762
Herbicides 399 837 3,375 671 375 2,569 17,736 25,961
Growth regulators . . 2 . . 118 47 167
Acaricides 5 . <1 <1 . 1 162 169
Sulphur 97 390 4 26 . 43 5,355 5,917
Molluscicides & repellents . <1 . 1 . 83 . 84
Other pesticides . . 24,991 4,335 <1 2,688 <1 32,014
All pesticides 731 1,624 30,950 5,276 752 8,389 23,631 71,354
37
Table 3 Usage of pesticides on hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain 2009 - percentage area of crops treated with pesticides
Crop group Insecticides Acaricides Fungicides Sulphur Herbicides Molluscicides Other Not
& repellents pesticides treated
Fruit stock 54.4 27 41 25.6 77.8 . . 22
Roses 81.1 . 88.6 18.9 94.9 0.2 . 3.8
Ornamental trees 14.6 0.3 16 0.1 74.6 < 0.1 1.9 9.2
Shrubs etc. 10 1 25 0.6 57.5 0.2 3 28
Herbaceous plants 12.4 . 5.1 . 32.3 . 0.1 56
Mixed cropping 43.1 1.4 14 1 53.1 10 17.6 14
Christmas trees 20 7 . 4.2 73.2 . 1.2 23.1
All crops (weighted mean) 22 5 6 4 71 1 1 22
Table 4a Usage of pesticides on hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain 2009 - number of spray rounds1 applied to treated crops (excluding seed treatments)
Insecticides Acaricides Fungicides Sulphur Herbicides Molluscicides Other All
& repellents pesticides pesticides
Fruit stock 3.4 1 5 0.6 2.1 . . 9
Roses 2.3 . 3.7 0.2 2.4 < 0.1 . 6.6
Ornamental trees 2.5 0.1 3.9 0.1 2.7 < 0.1 0.4 8.7
Shrubs etc. 1.5 < 0.1 3.2 0.1 3.8 < 0.1 < 0.1 8
Herbaceous plants 1.2 . 1.2 . 3.2 . 0.2 5.1
Mixed cropping 2 0.1 3 < 0.1 2.4 < 0.1 0.6 8
Christmas trees 0.8 0.1 . 0.4 1.6 . 0.1 2.9
All crops (weighted mean) 1.8 0.1 2.3 0.2 2.4 0.1 0.3 6.6
1indicates number of pesticide application occasions and may include applications of molluscicide granules or incorporation of insecticide granules in compost, as well as sprays
38
Table 4b Usage of pesticides on hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain 2009 - number of products (other than seed treatments) applied to treated crops, including repeat applications of the same product
Insecticides Acaricides Fungicides Sulphur Herbicides Molluscicides Other All
& repellents pesticides pesticides
Fruit stock 3.7 1 5 0.6 3.1 . . 13
Roses 2.3 . 4.5 0.2 3.4 < 0.1 . 10.4
Ornamental trees 2.8 0.1 4 0.1 3.8 < 0.1 0.4 11.3
Shrubs etc. 1.5 < 0.1 3.3 0.1 5.2 < 0.1 < 0.1 10
Herbaceous plants 1.4 . 1.8 . 3.6 . 0.2 7
Mixed cropping 2 0.1 3 < 0.1 2.7 < 0.1 0.6 9
Christmas trees 0.8 0.1 . 0.4 1.8 . 0.1 3.2
All crops (weighted mean) 1.9 0.1 2.5 0.2 3 0.1 0.3 8.2
Table 4c Usage of pesticides on hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain 2009 - number of active substances (other than seed treatments) applied to treated crops, including repeat applications of the same active substance
Insecticides Acaricides Fungicides Sulphur Herbicides Molluscicides Other All
& repellents pesticides pesticides
Fruit stock 4.2 1 5 0.6 3.2 . . 13
Roses 2.4 . 5.1 0.2 3.9 < 0.1 . 11.6
Ornamental trees 3.2 0.1 4.2 0.1 4 < 0.1 0.4 12
Shrubs etc. 1.7 < 0.1 3.6 0.1 5.2 < 0.1 < 0.1 11
Herbaceous plants 1.4 . 2.7 . 3.6 . 0.2 7.9
Mixed cropping 2 0.1 3 < 0.1 2.8 < 0.1 0.6 9
Christmas trees 0.8 0.1 . 0.4 1.9 . 0.1 3.3
All crops (weighted mean) 1.9 0.1 2.7 0.2 3.1 0.1 0.3 8.6
39
Table 5 Usage of pesticides on hardy ornamental nursery stock grown in Great Britain, 2009 (spray hectares) 1
Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants Mixed cropping Christmas trees All crops Fungicides Azoxystrobin 8 285 824 41 75 314 . 1,547 Boscalid/pyraclostrobin . . 20 33 26 2 . 81 Bupirimate 92 74 183 138 . 33 . 519 Carbendazim . 4 11 48 . 42 . 105 Carbendazim/flusilazole . 216 21 19 . 3 . 258 Chlorothalonil . . 20 35 1 85 . 140 Copper oxychloride 9 . 31 15 . 34 . 89 Cyflufenamid . . . 80 . 6 . 86 Fenpropimorph 24 17 5 14 . . . 59 Flusilazole . 52 . . . 1 . 53 Iprodione . . 1 7 200 64 . 272 Kresoxim-methyl 37 . 1 7 . 66 . 110 Mancozeb 74 75 1 . 163 . . 314 Mancozeb/metalaxyl-M . 22 1 1 54 34 . 112 Myclobutanil 76 446 505 126 . 207 . 1,360 Penconazole . 4 45 37 . 5 . 90 Potassium hydrogen carbonate 16 25 906 5 . 39 . 991 Prochloraz . . 5 20 . 113 . 139 Prochloraz/propiconazole . . . . 163 1 . 165 Propiconazole . 39 . 8 . 32 . 78 Tebuconazole . 184 5 . 26 3 . 218 Unspecified fungicides . . 0 . 163 . . 163 Other fungicides2 11 51 21 49 37 169 . 338 All fungicides 344 1,496 2,605 680 910 1,254 . 7,289
Sulphur 74 81 2 7 . 7 1,044 1,214
1Throughout all tables, “Other” refers to chemicals grouped together because they were applied to less than 0.1% of the total area treated with pesticides 2Other fungicides include azoxystrobin/fenpropimorph, Bacillus subtilis, benthiavalicarb-isopropyl/mancozeb, captan, cupric ammonium carbonate, cymoxanil/mancozeb, cyprodinil/fludioxonil, difenoconazole, dimethomorph, dithianon, fenarimol, fenpropidin, fenpropidin/fenpropimorph, fosetyl-aluminium, mandipropamid, mepanipyrim, metalaxyl-M, oxycarboxin, propamocarb hydrochloride, proquinazid, pyrimethanil, quinoxyfen, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, tolclofos-methyl and trifloxystrobin.
40
Table 5 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on hardy ornamental nursery stock grown in Great Britain, 2009 (spray hectares)
Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants
Mixed cropping Christmas trees All crops
Herbicides
2,4-D . . 107 . . 4 51 162
Chlorthal-dimethyl . . . . 90 . . 90
Clopyralid 31 67 42 8 13 . 67 229
Cycloxydim . . . . . . 610 610
Diquat 31 10 17 10 . 40 . 108
Glufosinate-ammonium 1 29 112 30 . 107 . 279
Glyphosate 29 46 1,525 292 177 450 10,246 12,764
Isoxaben 24 73 243 105 . 310 98 854
Isoxaben/terbuthylazine . 152 105 . . . . 257
MCPA . . 3 12 . . 124 139
Mecoprop-P . . . . . . 305 305
Metazachlor 9 326 494 95 23 60 367 1,375
Napropamide 2 . 8 7 . 26 51 94
Oxadiazon 40 71 74 31 . 499 87 802
Pendimethalin 36 30 361 1 . 18 2,436 2,882
Phenmedipham 24 27 . . . . 2 53
Propyzamide 18 54 211 123 1 . 2,627 3,033
Tepraloxydim . 4 13 35 . 3 . 54
Trifluralin . . . . 63 . . 63
Other herbicides1 50 81 74 22 1 69 104 401
All herbicides 294 970 3,388 771 367 1,588 17,176 24,555
1Other herbicides include 2,4-D/dicamba/triclopyr, amitrole, amitrole/2,4-D/diuron, atrazine, carbetamide/diflufenican/oxadiazon, carfentrazone-ethyl, clopyralid/triclopyr, dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop-P, dicamba/mecoprop-P, dichlobenil, diflufenican/trifluralin, diquat/paraquat, diuron, flazasulfuron, florasulam, fluazifop-P-butyl, flufenacet/metribuzin, isoxaben/trifluralin, lenacil, linuron, MCPB, metamitron, paraquat, propachlor, propaquizafop, tebutam and triclopyr.
41
Table 5 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on hardy ornamental nursery stock grown in Great Britain, 2009 (spray hectares)
Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants Mixed cropping Chri stmas trees All crops
Insecticides Acetamiprid . . . . . 26 86 112 Bifenthrin 110 . 24 . 1 45 88 268 Chlorpyrifos 105 . 85 9 . 169 55 423 Cypermethrin 15 213 31 8 200 39 257 763 Deltamethrin 1 66 634 94 90 49 816 1,749 Dimethoate . 105 23 . . 10 90 227 Fipronil . . . . . 107 . 107 Flonicamid . 42 21 3 . . 266 333 Imidacloprid 19 . 4 18 22 50 . 112 Lambda-cyhalothrin . 2 179 69 74 46 139 509 Lambda-cyhalothrin/pirimicarb 66 48 134 5 . . . 252 Pirimicarb 8 224 273 16 27 298 1,372 2,217 Pymetrozine . . 30 . . 39 . 70 Thiacloprid 8 34 48 5 . 103 8 206 Other insecticides1 . . . . . 37 31 69 All insecticides 332 733 1,487 225 414 1,018 3,208 7,418 Acaricides Abamectin 24 . . 1 . 35 . 59 Clofentezine . . . . . . 724 724 Fenpyroximate 8 . . . . . 81 89 Tebufenpyrad 67 . 3 2 . 3 29 104 Other acaricides2 . . . . . 4 . 4 All acaricides 98 . 3 3 . 43 833 980
1Other insecticides & nematicides include alpha-cypermethrin, diflubenzuron, fatty acids, malathion, nicotine, oxamyl, permethrin, pyrethrins, spinosad, spiromesifen, teflubenzuron and triazamate. 2Other acaricides include bifenazate and fenbutatin oxide.
42
Table 5 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on hardy ornamental nursery stock grown in Great Britain, 2009 (spray hectares)
Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants Mixed cropping Christmas trees All crops Molluscicides & repellents Ferric phosphate . . . . . 75 . 75 Metaldehyde . . . . . 175 . 175 Other molluscicides & repellents1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 2 All molluscicides & repellents . 1 . 1 . 251 . 253 Growth regulators 1-naphthylacetic acid . . . . . . 175 175 Daminozide . . . . . 47 . 47 Paclobutrazol . . . . . 48 . 48 Other growth regulators2 . . 3 . . 1 . 4 All growth regulators . . 3 . . 97 175 274 Soil sterilants Other soil sterilants3 . . 3 12 . 1 . 15 All soil sterilants . . 3 12 . 1 . 15 Tar oils/acids Other tar oils/acids4 . . . . . <1 . <1 All tar oils/acids . . . . . <1 . <1
1Other molluscicides & repellents include aluminium ammonium sulphate/di-1-p-menthene, calcium chloride, methiocarb and unspecified molluscicides.
2Other growth regulators included chlormequat.
3Other soil sterilants included dazomet 4Other tar oils/acids included tar acids
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Table 5 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on hardy ornamental nursery stock grown in Great Britain, 2009 (spray hectares)
Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants Mixed cropping Christmas trees All crops Surface cleaners Quinoclamin . . . . . 86 . 86 All surface cleaners . . . . . 86 . 86 Disinfectants Other disinfectants1 . . . . . 19 . 19 All disinfectants . . . . . 19 . 19 Algicides Other algicides2 . . . . . 11 . 11 All algicides . . . . . 11 . 11 Growth stimulants Compost tea . . 225 . . 28 . 253 Other growth stimulants3 . . . . 1 1 . 1 All growth stimulants . . 225 . 1 29 . 254 Physical control agents Carbonic acid diamide/urea . . 858 . . 46 . 904 Other physical control agents4 . . . . . 19 . 19 All physical control agents . . 858 . . 64 . 923 Biological control agents Chrysoperla carnea . . . . . . 127 127 Steinernema feltiae . . . . . 46 . 46 Other biological control agents5 . . . . . 25 . 25 All biological control agents . . . . . 72 127 199 Anti transpirants Other anti transpirants6 . . . . . 1 . 1 All anti transpirants . . . . . 1 . 1 1Other disinfectants included dichlorophen and peroxyacetic acid
2Other algicides included benzalkonium chloride
3Other growth stimulants included plant extracts
4Other physical control agents include dodecylphenol ethoxylate, garlic and maltodextrin.
5Other biological control agents include Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, Heterorhabditis megidis, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Steinernema kraussei.
6Other anti-transpirants included di-1-P-menthene
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Table 6 Usage of pesticides on hardy ornamental nursery stock grown in Great Britain, 2009 (kg of active substance used) 1
Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants Mixed cropping Christmas trees All crops Fungicides Azoxystrobin 2 34 206 10 19 58 . 329 Boscalid/pyraclostrobin . . 12 16 9 1 . 38 Bupirimate 13 16 60 39 . 6 . 134 Carbendazim . 2 4 19 . 10 . 35 Carbendazim/flusilazole . 20 4 4 . <0.1 . 28 Chlorothalonil . . 35 58 1 67 . 160 Copper oxychloride 8 . 24 23 . 24 . 78 Cyflufenamid . . . 2 . <0.1 . 2 Fenpropimorph 18 11 2 5 . . . 36 Flusilazole . 7 . . . <0.1 . 7 Iprodione . . <0.1 1 69 17 . 87 Kresoxim-methyl 2 . <0.1 1 . 10 . 13 Mancozeb 20 76 2 . 146 1 . 246 Mancozeb/metalaxyl-M . 26 1 2 37 20 . 85 Myclobutanil 6 20 38 12 . 27 . 102 Penconazole . <0.1 2 2 . <0.1 . 5 Potassium hydrogen carbonate 9 38 2,055 16 . 269 . 2,388 Prochloraz . . 3 10 . 49 . 61 Prochloraz/propiconazole . . . . 39 <0.1 . 40 Propiconazole . 5 <0.1 1 . 4 . 10 Tebuconazole . 22 1 . 3 1 . 26 Unspecified fungicides . . . . <0.1 . . <0.1 Other fungicides2 15 31 7 10 6 783 . 851 All fungicides 92 309 2,453 230 329 1,349 . 4,762
Sulphur 97 390 4 26 . 43 5,355 5,917
1Throughout all tables, “Other” refers to chemicals grouped together because they were applied to less than 0.1% of the total area treated with pesticides 2Other fungicides include azoxystrobin/fenpropimorph, Bacillus subtilis, benthiavalicarb-isopropyl/mancozeb, captan, cupric ammonium carbonate, cymoxanil/mancozeb, cyprodinil/fludioxonil, difenoconazole, dimethomorph, dithianon, fenarimol, fenpropidin, fenpropidin/fenpropimorph, fosetyl-aluminium, mandipropamid, mepanipyrim, metalaxyl-M, oxycarboxin, propamocarb hydrochloride, proquinazid, pyrimethanil, quinoxyfen, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, tolclofos-methyl and trifloxystrobin.
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Table 6 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on hardy ornamental nursery stock grown in Great Britain, 2009 (kg of active substance used)
Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants
Mixed cropping Christmas trees All crops
Herbicides
2,4-D . . 150 . . 5 61 216
Chlorthal-dimethyl . . . . 116 2 . 118
Clopyralid 2 6 8 1 1 . 9 26
Cycloxydim . . . . . . 275 275
Diquat 10 4 10 4 . 19 . 48
Glufosinate-ammonium 1 21 58 18 . 53 . 151
Glyphosate 43 60 1,671 308 184 668 10,922 13,855
Isoxaben 5 12 50 20 . 71 16 173
Isoxaben/terbuthylazine . 75 52 . . . . 127
MCPA . . 5 15 . . 160 180
Mecoprop-P . . . . . . 379 379
Metazachlor 11 373 473 103 17 66 416 1,458
Napropamide 4 . 21 23 . 75 156 279
Oxadiazon 102 71 94 51 . 1,314 103 1,735
Pendimethalin 48 46 437 2 . 26 3,473 4,032
Phenmedipham 11 3 . . . . 2 16
Propyzamide 31 66 253 104 1 . 1,699 2,154
Tepraloxydim . <0.1 1 2 . <0.1 . 3
Trifluralin . . . . 55 . . 55
Other herbicides1 131 98 92 21 2 269 68 680
All herbicides 399 837 3,375 671 375 2,569 17,736 25,961
1Other herbicides include 2,4-D/dicamba/triclopyr, amitrole, amitrole/2,4-D/diuron, atrazine, carbetamide/diflufenican/oxadiazon, carfentrazone-ethyl, clopyralid/triclopyr, dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop-P, dicamba/mecoprop-P, dichlobenil, diflufenican/trifluralin, diquat/paraquat, diuron, flazasulfuron, florasulam, fluazifop-P-butyl, flufenacet/metribuzin, isoxaben/trifluralin, lenacil, linuron, MCPB, metamitron, paraquat, propachlor, propaquizafop, tebutam and triclopyr.
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Table 6 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on hardy ornamental nursery stock grown in Great Britain, 2009 (kg of active substance used)
Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants Mixed cropping Christmas trees All crops
Insecticides Acetamiprid . . . . . 2 5 7 Bifenthrin 1 . <0.1 . <0.1 4 1 7 Chlorpyrifos 61 . 44 7 . 883 19 1,014 Cypermethrin <0.1 3 1 <0.1 5 1 8 18 Deltamethrin <0.1 1 5 1 1 1 5 12 Dimethoate . 40 9 . . 1 22 72 Fipronil . . . . . 16 . 16 Flonicamid . 3 2 <0.1 . . 9 14 Imidacloprid 65 . <0.1 1 37 150 . 254 Lambda-cyhalothrin . <0.1 2 1 <0.1 1 1 4 Lambda-cyhalothrin/pirimicarb 7 5 14 1 . . . 26 Pirimicarb 2 32 39 2 4 37 200 317 Pymetrozine . . 6 . . 6 . 12 Thiacloprid 1 5 3 1 . 434 1 444 Other insecticides1 . . . . . 4 59 63 All insecticides 138 88 125 13 47 1,538 331 2,280 Acaricides Abamectin <0.1 . . <0.1 . <0.1 . <0.1 Clofentezine . . . . . . 158 158 Fenpyroximate 1 . . . . . 4 4 Tebufenpyrad 4 . <0.1 <0.1 . <0.1 <0.1 5 Other acaricides2 . . . . . <0.1 . <0.1 All acaricides 5 . <0.1 <0.1 . 1 162 169
1Other insecticides & nematicides include alpha-cypermethrin, diflubenzuron, fatty acids, malathion, nicotine, oxamyl, permethrin, pyrethrins, spinosad, spiromesifen, teflubenzuron and triazamate. 2Other acaricides include bifenazate and fenbutatin oxide.
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Table 6 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on hardy ornamental nursery stock grown in Great Britain, 2009 (kg of active substance used)
Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants Mixed cropping Christmas trees All crops Molluscicides & repellents Ferric phosphate . . . . . 3 . 3 Metaldehyde . . . . . 80 . 80 Other molluscicides & repellents1 . <0.1 . 1 . <0.1 . 1 All molluscicides & repellents . <0.1 . 1 . 83 . 84 Growth regulators 1-naphthylacetic acid . . . . . . 47 47 Daminozide . . . . . 113 . 113 Paclobutrazol . . . . . <0.1 . <0.1 Other growth regulators2 . . 2 . . 5 . 7 All growth regulators . . 2 . . 118 47 167 Soil sterilants Other soil sterilants3 . . 1,151 4,335 . 11 . 5,498 All soil sterilants . . 1,151 4,335 . 11 . 5,498 Tar oils/acids Other tar oils/acids4 . . . . . <1 . <1 All tar oils/acids . . . . . <1 . <1
1Other molluscicides & repellents include aluminium ammonium sulphate/di-1-p-menthene, calcium chloride, methiocarb and unspecified molluscicides.
2Other growth regulators included chlormequat.
3Other soil sterilants included dazomet 4Other tar oils/acids included tar acids
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Table 6 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on hardy ornamental nursery stock grown in Great Britain, 2009 (kg of active substance used)
Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants Mixed cropping Christmas trees All crops Surface cleaners Quinoclamin . . . . . 184 . 184 All surface cleaners . . . . . 184 . 184 Disinfectants Other disinfectants1 . . . . . 21 . 21 All disinfectants . . . . . 21 . 21 Algicides Other algicides2 . . . . . 54 . 54 All algicides . . . . . 54 . 54 Growth stimulants Compost tea . . 22,495 . . 2,282 . 24,777 Other growth stimulants3 . . . . <0.1 <0.1 . 1 All growth stimulants . . 22,495 . <0.1 2,283 . 24,778 Physical control agents Carbonic acid diamide/urea . . 1,344 . . 96 . 1,440 Other physical control agents4 . . . . . 36 . 36 All physical control agents . . 1,344 . . 132 . 1,476 Biological control agents Other biological control agents5 . . . . . <1 <0.1 <1 All biological control agents . . . . . <1 <0.1 <1 Anti transpirants Other anti transpirants6 . . . . . 2 . 2 All anti transpirants . . . . . 2 . 2
1Other disinfectants included dichlorophen and peroxyacetic acid
2Other algicides included benzalkonium chloride
3Other growth stimulants included plant extracts
4Other physical control agents include dodecylphenol ethoxylate, garlic and maltodextrin.
5Other biological control agents included Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki
6Other anti-transpirants included di-1-P-menthene
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Table 7 Comparison of pesticide usage on hardy ornamental nursery stock 1997 - 2009, area treated (ha) and amount used (kg)
1997 2001 2005 2009
ha kg ha kg ha kg ha kg
Acaricides 5,432 1,476 1,948 294 1,158 171 980 169
Insecticides
Benzoylureas 20 1 56 157 158 17 19 1
Carbamates 3,652 1,022 3,125 770 2,994 512 2,217 318
Organochlorines 625 426 44 21 . . . .
Organophosphates 5,283 6,901 3,289 7,019 3,142 4,176 682 1,145
Pyrethroids 3,514 66 2,522 44 4,400 73 3,292 42
Other insecticides 292 78 1,422 380 1,791 735 1,208 774
Total – all insecticides 13,387 8,493 10,460 8,391 12,484 5,513 7,418 2,280
Registered biological control agents 47 12 < 1 < 1 62 1 9 <1
Fungicides 22,303 20,322 17,948 13,403 17,049 24,225 7,289 4,762
Sulphur 69 526 804 2,257 2,577 6,394 1,214 5,917
Growth regulators 128 535 9 10 336 222 274 167
Herbicides 25,062 28,126 21,032 21,995 28,003 27,643 24,555 25,961
Molluscicides & repellents 236 700 400 169 183 97 251 83
Nematicides 8 1,995 2 576 . . . .
Soil sterilants 95 52,164 43 20,482 88 41,471 15 5,498
Tar oils/acids 39 1,868 41 2,994 1 12 <1 <1
Fungicide/insecticides 7 2 . . 25 1 . .
Urea 7 4 18 36 78 98 . .
Disinfectants 31 360 69 755 57 691 19 21
Algicides . . . . 7 25 11 54
Other registered pesticides 51 1 62 11 . . 4 16
Total - all registered pesticides 66,870 116,223 52,768 70,616 62,118 106,616 42,125 45,113
Non-registered biological control agents 32 . 101 . 764 . 190 .
Other non-registered pesticides 124 357 200 412 851 13,147 1,263 26,605
Area grown 8,706 7,806 7,697 14,087
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APPENDIX 3 – DEFINITIONS a) 'Pesticide' is used throughout this report to include commercial formulations containing active substances of insecticides, acaricides, molluscicides, fungicides, herbicides, desiccants, soil sterilants, nematicides, growth regulators, sulphur, urea or tar oils/acids, registered under the Control of Pesticides Regulations (as amended) 1986, or under further regulations implementing the EC Council Directive 91/414/EEC.
b) 'Treated area' is the gross area treated with a pesticide, including all repeated applications, some of which may have been applied to the land in preparation for drilling and thus may appear as an inappropriate use on that crop.
c) 'Reason for application' indicated is the grower's stated reason for use of that particular pesticide on that crop and may not always seem entirely appropriate.
d) Where individual pesticides are mentioned in the text, they are listed in descending order of use by hectares treated.
e) ‘Mixed cropping’ includes all container-grown plants as recorded on the June 2009 Agricultural Census. With the exception of fruit stock, all other crops were grown in field situations.
f) Common and Latin names for pests, weeds and diseases are usually taken as those used by Scopes & Stables (1989).
g) Pesticides classed as insecticides may have some acaricidal activity, but are mainly used against insect pests. Similarly, pesticides classed as acaricides may be active against some insect pests, but are principally used against mites.
h) The term “formulation(s)” used within the text is used here to describe either single active substances or mixtures of active substances contained within an individual product. It does not refer to any of the solvents, pH modifiers or adjuvants also contained within a product that contribute to its efficacy.
i) ‘Other pesticides’ includes surface cleaners, disinfectants, growth stimulants, anti-transpirants and other chemicals, not registered as pesticides, but which were seen as important in the production of hardy ornamental nursery stock, and in some cases, were employed as physical control agents, defoliants or to control mosses and liverworts. j) Active substances used on less than 0.1% of the treated area and associated with higher standard errors can be found within the footnotes of tables 5 & 6. They are grouped as “Other fungicides”, Other herbicides”, “Other insecticides” etc.
k) For the purposes of this survey, hardy ornamental nursery stock includes all plants grown for re-sale to growers and gardeners. In most cases this is for re-planting in garden, forestry and amenity situations, the most notable exception being the sale of Christmas trees.
l) The term “volumetric” contained within the principal active substance tables refers to the use of a product whose rate/hectare varies depending upon the volume of water in which it is applied. As such it is not possible to compare the actual rate of application with a fixed recommended rate and this rate has not been displayed. m) The term “granular” contained within the principal active substance tables refers to the use of an incorporated product for container-grown plants. The rate/hectare varies depending upon the capacity and dimensions of the containers used. As such it is not possible to compare the actual rate of application with a fixed recommended rate and this rate has not been displayed.
ROUNDING Due to rounding of figures, the sum of constituent items in the tables may not agree exactly with the totals given.
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APPENDIX 4 - METHODS
The samples of holdings to be surveyed were selected using data from the Agricultural Census Returns for England & Wales, June 2008 and for Scotland, June 2008 (Anon., 2009a) based on the distribution of hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain.
The samples were drawn so as to represent the area of hardy ornamental nursery stock grown throughout England, Scotland and Wales. For England & Wales, the sample was selected within each of the six former DEFRA regions (Fig. 1) and in Scotland the country was divided into 11 land use regions (Wood, 1931). The samples were stratified according to the total area of all hardy ornamental nursery stock grown in each region and by holding size group based on the total area of hardy ornamental nursery stock grown on each holding.
For the purposes of this survey, the total area of hardy ornamental nursery stock was taken as the sum of the areas of the following crops: fruit stock, roses, ornamental trees, shrubs etc., herbaceous plants, mixed cropping (primarily container-grown stock) and Christmas trees.
An introductory letter was sent to the occupiers of the selected holdings explaining the purpose of the survey. A total of 272 holdings was visited during the winter of 2009/2010 and data collected during a personal interview with the grower, conducted by an experienced pesticide usage surveyor. Where a holding listed in the original sample was unable to provide data, it was replaced with another from the same size group and region, held on a reserve list.
This survey includes usage of pesticides on outdoor hardy ornamental nursery stock only. Treatments made under glass or polythene during the propagation or early stages of the crop are covered fully in surveys of protected ornamental crops, the most recent one being Pesticide Usage Survey Report 220, Protected Crops (Edible and Ornamental) 2007.
Propagation of hardy ornamental nursery stock conducted in field situations is included in this survey. Usage at garden centres or other retail outlets not recognised as agricultural/horticultural holdings was excluded from this survey. However, retail outlets and wholesale operations submitting June Census returns are included.
Raising factors
The pesticide usage data collected from each holding were raised by two factors to give an estimate of regional usage; the first factor being dependent on farm size group and region and the second dependent on crop area and region. The data were further adjusted by a third factor to give estimates of total pesticide usage related to the national cropping areas in Great Britain (Thomas, 2001).
The raising factors were based on the areas of all hardy ornamental nursery stock crops grown in 2009 as recorded in the June Agricultural Census Returns both for England & Wales and Scotland (Anon., 2010).
Data detailing the frequency distributions of hardy ornamental nursery stock crops in 2009 and 2010 were provided by Defra Food & Farming Group in York or by the Welsh Assembly, Cathays Park, Cardiff.
Estimated areas relating solely to the regional distribution of Christmas trees were provided by the British Christmas Tree Growers Association (BCTGA). These figures have been used when making estimates of pesticide usage on Christmas trees.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks are due to all of the farmers who willingly participated in this survey, providing invaluable information upon which this report is based. Many thanks are also due to Gillian Reay, Louis Thomas and Andrew Walker for their collection of data in Scotland and to Yvonne Powell-Wainwright and Jo Roberts for their unstinting work in maintaining the pesticide product database. Special thanks go to Colin Palmer of the British Christmas Tree Growers Association (BCTGA) for his help in estimating the area of this crop grown in Great Britain. Thanks also go to the members of the ACP Working Party on Pesticide Usage Surveys for their invaluable comments.
REFERENCES
Anon. (2009) Agricultural Statistics in Scotland 2008 Edinburgh: HMSO
Anon. (2010) Agricultural Statistics in Scotland 2009 Edinburgh: HMSO
Garthwaite, D. G. & Thomas, M. R. (1995) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 120 - Hardy Nursery Stock in Great Britain
1993. London: MAFF
Garthwaite, D. G. & Thomas, M. R. (1999) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 152 - Hardy Nursery Stock in Great Britain
1997. London: MAFF
Garthwaite, D. G. & Thomas, M. R. (2006) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 211 - Hardy Nursery Stock in Great Britain
2005. Internet
Scopes, N. & Stables, L. (1989) eds. Pest and Disease Control Handbook 3rd Edition. Bracknell: BCPC Publications.
Thomas, M. R. (2001) Pesticide usage monitoring in the United Kingdom. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 45 (supplement 1): S87-S93.