Post on 07-Apr-2018
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
1/45
Group One Presents:
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
2/45
Functions:
y Contributes to homeostasis by providing for theexchange of gases oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmospheric air, blood, and tissue
cells.y It also helps adjust the pH of body fluids.
y Produces sounds
y
Moves air over the sensory receptors that detectsmell
y Protects against some microorganism
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
3/45
Respiration:
y refers to the overall exchange of gasesbetween the atmosphere, blood & cells
y Respiration involves 3 processes:
Pulmonary ventilation
Gas exchange
External respiration
Internal respiration
Gas transport
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
4/45
Anatomy Overview
y According to Structure:
(1) Upper respiratory system nose, pharnyx, associatedstructures
(2) Lower respiratory system larynx, trachea, bronchi,lungs
y According to Function:
(1) Conducting Zone interconnecting cavities and tubes
both outside & within the lungs that filter, warm, andmoisten air and conduct it into the lungs
(2) Respiratory Zone tissues within the lungs where gasexchange occurs
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
5/45
Anatomy Overview
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
RightLung
LeftLung
Bronchioles
Respiratorybronchioles
Alveolar duct
Alveoli
The respiratory tract includes:Nose (nasal cavity) Pharynx(nasopharynx, oropharynx,laryngopharynx) Larynx TracheaBronchi (primary, secondary (lobar),tertiary (segmental) BronchiolesTerminal bronchioles RespiratorybronchiolesAlveolar ductsAlveoli
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
6/45
Nose
y ExternalNose supporting framework of bone &hyaline cartilage covered with muscle & skin and linedby a mucous membrane.
y Bony Framework frontal bone, nasal bone, maxillaey Cartilaginous Framework septal cartilage, lateral nasal
cartilage, alar cartilage
y Two openings external nares or nostrils
y 3 Functions: (1) warming, moistening, & filtering air; (2)detecting olfactory stimuli; (3) modifying speechvibrations
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
7/45
Nosey
InternalNose is lined with muscle and mucousmembrane
y Anteriorly, it merges with external nose & posteriorly itcommunicates with pharynx through two openingscalled internal nares or choanae
y Ducts from paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimalducts also open into the internal nose.
y The space within the internal nose is called the nasalcavity.
y Vestibule is the anterior part of the nasal cavity justinside the nostril is surrounded by cartilage
y Nasal septum divides nasal cavity into right & left side
y Conchae increases the surface area of nasal cavity
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
8/45
Pharnyxy Or throat, is a funnel-shaped tube about 13 cm (5 in)
long that starts at the internal nares and extends to the
level of cricoid cartilagey Functions as passageway for air and food, provides a
resonating chamber for speech sound, and houses thetonsils
y3 region: (1) nasopharnyx, (2) oropharynx, and(laryngopharnyx)
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
9/45
y Nasopharynx has 5 openings it its wall. The posteriorwall also contains the pharyngeal tonsil. It is lined withpseudo ciliated columnar epithelium.
y Oropharynx has only 1 opening (fauces). It has bothrespiratory and digestive functions. It is lined w/ non
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. 2 pairs oftonsils (palatine & lingual) are found in oropharynx.
y Laryngopharynx (hypopharynx) opens into theesophagus (food tube) posteriorly and the larynx
anteriorly. It is also both a respiratory and digestivepathway and is line by nonkeratized stratifiedsquamous epithelium.
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
10/45
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
11/45
Larynxy Or voice box, is a short passageway that connects the
laryngopharynx with the trachea.
y Located just below the pharynx and is composed of 9pieces of cartilage.
y Vocal cords 2 short elastic tissue bands, covered withmucous membrane, that stretch across the interior of thelarynx.
y Muscles that attach to the larynx cartilages can pull onthese cords and increase the tension higher pitchedsound. When they relax less tension and a lower pitchedsound.
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
12/45
LarynxAir passageway made of 9 pieces of cartilage (1) Thyroid cartilage, (1) Epiglottis, (1)Cricoid cartilage, (2) Arytenoid, (2) Corniculate, (2) Cuneiform
A.K.Ayour voicebox because it contains the vocal cords
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
13/45
Arytenoid, corniculate &cuneiform cartilages attach to upper (false)vocal folds & lower (true)
vocal cords
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
14/45
Tracheay or windpipe, is a tubular passageway for air that is
about 12 cm (5 in) long and 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter.
y located anterior to the esophagus and extends fromlarynx to the superior border of the fifth thoracic
vertebra(T5), where it divides into right and leftprimary bronchi
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
15/45
Tracheay Layers of Trachealwall
y Mucosa
y Consists of an epithelial layer of pseudostratified ciliatedcolumnar epithelium and an underlying layer of laminapropria that contains elastic and reticular fibers.
y It provides the same protection against dust as the membranelining the nasal cavity and larynx.
y Submucosa
y Consists of areolar connective tissue that contains seromucous
glands and their ductsy The seromucous gland secretes a combination of water and
mucus to the luminar surface of the trachea through narrowducts. The mucus adds to that secreted by the goblet cells.
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
16/45
Trach ay Hyaline cartilage
y C-shaped cartilages
y the trachealis muscle, a transverse smooth muscle fibers stabilizethe open ends of the cartilage rings.
y The solid C-shaped cartilage rings provide a semirigid supportso that the tracheal wall does not collapse inward (especially
during inhalation)y Adventitia
y Consists of areolar connective tissue that joins the trachea tosurrounding tissues.
y Tracheotomy- an operation to make an opening intothe trachea
y Intubation- a tube is inserted into the mouth or noseand passed inferiorly through the larynx and trachea.
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
17/45
Trachea
Tough but flexible windpipe, anteriorto esophagus
attached to cricoid cartilage (at aboutC6vertebral level) & ends withinmediastinum by branching into left &right primary bronchi (at T5 vertebrallevel)
End of trachea known as Carina
Carina
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
18/45
Bronchiy Trachea divides into right and left primary
(extrapulmonary) bronchi.
y On entering the lungs the bronchi becomethe intrapulmonarybronchi.
y The left bronchus divides into two lobar bronchialbranches, the right - into three lobar bronchialbranches.
y The lobar bronchi of the left lung give rise toeight segmental bronchi, in right lung - toten segmental bronchi.
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
19/45
Bronchi
Carina
Trachea splits into a left & right
primary bronchuswhich enters intothe hilus of each lung
Within the lung, the primarybronchi branch into secondary(lobar) bronchi (3 in right lung/2 in
left lung) Secondary bronchi then branchinto 10 tertiary (segmental) bronchi
Tertiary bronchi then continue tobranch into smaller & smaller
bronchi & then into very narrowbronchioles
This branching patterns createsthe bronchial tree
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
20/45
Bronchiy Changes in Airway:y As you go further down into the bronchial tree of each
lung, changes in the airway occur:
increased number of airways (1 primary; 2 or 3 secondary;
10 tertiary bronchi;6
000 terminal bronchioles; millions ofalveolar ducts)
decreased diameter of each airway
decreased amount of cartilage in the airways (no cartilageat all by terminal bronchioles)
increased amount of smooth muscle (relative to diameter)
lining epithelium changes from PSCC simple squamousepithelium (in alveoli)
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
21/45
Lungsy are paired cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity. They
are separated from each other by the heart and thestructure mediastinum.
y It consist of airways (trachea and bronchi)that divide into smaller and smaller branches untilthey reach the air sacs, called alveoli. The airwaysconduct air down to the alveoli where gas exchangetakes place.
y The main function of the lungs is to provide continuous gasexchange between inspired air and the blood in thepulmonary circulation, supplying oxygen and removingcarbon dioxide, which is then cleared from the lungs bysubsequent expiration.
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
22/45
Lungsy Secondary (lobar) bronchi and the left primary
bronchus give rise to superior and inferior secondary(lobar) bronchi. Within the lung the secondarybronchi give rise to the tertiary (segmental) bronchi,
which is constant in both origin and distribution.y Alveoli is a cup-shaped out pouching lined by simple
squamous ephithelium and supported by a thin elasticbasement membrane an alveolar sac consist of two ormore alveoli consist of two types of alveolar epithelialcells. The more numerous type I alveolar cells thatform a nearly continuous lining of the alveolar wall.Type II alveolar cells are called septal cells.
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
23/45
Lungs- Anatomical Features
Apex extends 1 above clavicle
Base rests on diaphragm
Rightlung Left
lung
Superiorlobe
Middle lobe
Inferiorlobe
Horizontalfissure
Obliqu
efissure
Superior lobe
Inferior lobe
Oblique fissure
Cardiac notch
Hilus atmedial surface;where primary bronchus,pulmonary artery & veinsenter/exit lung
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
24/45
Each lung has a primarybronchus entering at the hilus
Each lobe of a lung has asecondary(a.k.a. lobar)bronchus
Lobes are functionally dividedinto bronchopulmonarysegments & each segment has atertiary(segmental) bronchus
Segments are functionallydivided into manylobules &each lobule receives a terminalbronchiole
Airways within Lungs
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
25/45
Alveoli
Alveoli are expandedchambers of epithelial tissuethat are the exchangesurfaces of the lungs
There are about 150 million
alveoli in each lung
Multiple alveoli usuallyshare a common alveolarduct, creating alveolar sacs
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
26/45
Alveoli
There are three types of cells foundwithin alveoli:
Alveolar Squamous epithelial(aka type I) cells primary cellsmaking up the wall of the alveoli
Septal (aka type II) cells sectrete surfactant to reducesurface tension which preventsalveoli from sticking together &allows for easier gas exchange
Alveolar macrophages (aka dustcells) phagocytic cells thatremove dust, debris & pathogens
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
27/45
ul ary V tilati
y Is the exchange (movement) of gases betweenthe atmosphere & lungs; movement of gases
occurs because of pressure differences between theatmosphere (atmospheric pressure (Po)) & lungs(intrapulmonic pressure (Pi))
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
28/45
Pulmonary entilation
y Two phases of ventilation:
Inspiration
active process involving contraction of diaphragm &external intercostal muscles
Expiration
normally passive due to relaxation of above muscles
can be made active (forced expiration) due tocontraction of abdominals & internal intercostalmuscles
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
29/45
Pulmonary entilation
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
30/45
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
31/45
Lung V lume and Capacitiesy Tidal volume- the volume of one breathy Minute ventilation- the total volume of inhaled and
exhaled each minute- is respiratory rate multiplied bytidal volume:
y MV=
12 breaths/min x 5000 mL/breath=6 liters/min
y Alower than normal minute ventilation usually is asign of pulmonary malfunction
y Spirometer/respirpmeter- apparatus commonly
used to measure the volume of air exchanged duringbreathing and the respiratory rate. The record is calledthe spinogram.y Inhalation is recorded as an upward deflection, and
exhalation is recorded as a downward deflection.
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
32/45
Lung olume and a acitiesyAnatomic (respiratory) dead space- conducting
airways with air that does not undergo respiratoryexchange
yAlveolar ventilation rate- is the volume of air per
minute that actually reaches the respiratory zone.y Inspiratory reserve volume- additional inhaled air
y About 3100 mL in an average adult male and 1900 mL in anaverage adult female
y Expiratory reserve volume- additional exhaled air.
y Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV ), thevolume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs in 1second with maximal effort following a maximalinhalation.
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
33/45
Lung olume and a acities
y Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV ), thevolume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs in 1second with maximal effort following a maximalinhalation.
y Residual volume-volume which cannot be measuredby spirometry. This amounts to about 1200 mL inmales and 1100 mL in females.
y Minimal volume- provides a medical and legal toolfor determining wheter a baby is born dead(stillborn)or died after birth.
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
34/45
Lung olume and a actiesy Lung capacities are combinations of specific lung
volumes
y Inspiratory capacity- is the sum of tidal volume andinspiratory reserve volume
y Functional residual capacity- is the sum of residualvolume and expiratory reserve volume
y Vital capacity- is the sum of inspiratory reservevolume, tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume
y Totallung capacity- is the sum of vital capacity andresidual volume
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
35/45
Gas Exchange
y The exchange of gases (O2 & CO2) between the alveoli& the blood occurs by simple diffusion: O2 diffusingfrom the alveoli into the blood & CO2 from the blood
into the alveoli.D
iffusion requires a concentrationgradient. So, the concentration (or pressure) of O2 inthe alveoli must be kept at a higher level than in theblood & the concentration (or pressure) ofCO2 in thealveoli must be kept at a lower lever than in the blood.
We do this, of course, by breathing - continuouslybringing fresh air (with lots of O2 & little CO2) intothe lungs & the alveoli.
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
36/45
Gas Exchangey Breathing is an active process - requiring the
contraction of skeletal muscles. The primary musclesof respiration include the external intercostal muscles(located between the ribs) and the diaphragm (a sheetof muscle located between the thoracic & abdominalcavities).
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
37/45
Gas Exchange External respiration - the diffusion of O2 & CO2 between the alveoli &blood across the respiratory membrane
occurs because of pressure differences of each gas within alveolar air &pulmonary (deoxygenated) blood
results in creation of oxygenated blood
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
38/45
Gas Exchange Internal respiration the diffusion of O2 & CO2 between the blood &
interstitial fluid across the endothelium of systemic capillaries occurs because of pressure differences of each gas between systemic(oxygenated) blood & interstitial fluid
results in creation of deoxygenated blood
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
39/45
Gas Trans ort - O2y The process by which oxygen is absorbed in the lungs
by the hemoglobin in circulating deoxygenated redcells and carried to the peripheral tissues. The processis made possible because hemoglobin has the ability to
combine with oxygen present at a high concentration,such as in the lungs, and to release this oxygen whenthe concentration is low, such as in the peripheraltissues.
y Oxygen does not dissolve easily in water so only about1.5% of inhaled 02 is dissolved in blood plasma whichis mostly water. About 98.5% of blood 02 is bound tohemoglobin in red blood cell.
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
40/45
Gas Trans ort - O2y The important principle to remember is that oxygen is
needed by the cell and that carbon dioxide is producedas a waste product of the cell. Carbon dioxide must be
expelled from the cells and the body.y The lungs serve to exchange the two gases in the
blood. Oxygen enters the blood from the lungs andcarbon dioxide is expelled out of the blood into the
lungs.T
he blood serves to transport both gases.Oxygen is carried to the cells. Carbon dioxide is carriedaway from the cells.
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
41/45
Gas Trans ort - O2 During external respiration O2 diffuses across respiratory membrane into
blood plasma
The majority of O2 (98.5%) then immediately diffuses into RBCs & binds(loosely) to the iron (Fe+3) in hemoglobin for transport
only 1.5% is transported freely dissolved within plasma
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
42/45
Gas Trans ort O2 During internal respiration CO2 diffuses from interstitial fluid into plasma
Only 7% ofCO2
remains in plasma for transport, the rest diffuses into RBCs
Within RBCs 23% binds to the globin proteins of hemoglobin (Hb)(carbaminohemoglobin)
Most (70%) ofCO2 gets converted within RBCs to bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 (carbonic acid) HCO3- + H+
HCO3- diffuses out to plasma (as Cl- diffuses in); the H+ attach to Hb tomaintain normal plasma pH (so plasma does not become too acidic)
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
43/45
Control of Res irationy The 2 most important control centers are in the
medulla and are called the inspiratory and expiratorycenters.
y Breathing can be voluntary to a point, howeverCO2levels are much more powerful in controlling
respiration than conscious control. Ex. breath holdingand hyperventilation.
y Activities of respiratory centers modified by sensoryinformation from mechanoreceptorsy Stretch receptors
y Pressure (baro)receptors
y Chemoreceptors
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
44/45
Control of Res irationUnconscious control of breathing occurs through the activity of therespiratory centers of the brain
Medulla oblongata Rhythmicity center controls basic pattern ofbreathing; inhale 2 seconds, exhale 3 seconds
Pons has 2 centers (apneustic & pneumotaxic centers) that canunconsciously modify the rate & depth of respiration
Respiratory centers can be influenced bymechanoreceptors (i.e. stretch receptors inlungs) & chemoreceptors (sensitive toarterial pH, CO2 & O2 levels) in the body,
as well as by higher brain centers
8/4/2019 Group 1: Respiratory System
45/45
Leader: Arroyo,Alyssa Marie
Members: DelaCruz, Sherlyn
Flores, Jonah Liza
Bercero, Bernardino
De Ocampo, Myra
Grou I