Post on 02-Aug-2020
Grid Integration of Renewables
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K V S Baba CEO, POSOCO
kvsbaba@posoco.in
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NR
WR
SR
ER
NER
Ennore
Kudankulam
Kayamkulam
Partabpur
Talcher/Ib Valley
Vindhyachal
Korba
LEGEND
Coal
Hydro
Lignite
Coastal
Nuclear
Vizag
Simhadri
Kaiga
Tarapur
Mangalore
Krishnapatnam
RAPP
SIKKIM
MYANM
MAR
CHICKEN NECK
Cuddalore
SRI LANKACOLOMBO
NEPALBHUTAN
DESHBANGLA
South Madras
Pipavav
Generation Load-Centre
Kolkata
Bhubaneswar
Patna
Lucknow
Delhi
Mumbai
Chennai
Bangalore
Bhopal
Guwahati
Jammu
Ludhiana
Jaipur
Gandhinagar
Indore
Raipur
Thiruvananthapuram
Kozhikode
Hyderabad
Coal
Hydro
Wind and Solar
Courtesy: NASA
Indian Power System
• Peak Demand ~ 160 GW
• Energy Met ~ 3.5 BUs/day
• Hydro Gen. ~ 712 MU/day (Max.)
• Wind Gen. ~ 310 MU/day (Max.)
• Generating Stations ~ 900 Nos.
• Generating Units ~ 2200 Nos.
• > 7000 Sub-stations,
• > 3100 transformers
• 10 Nos. HVDC Bi-pole/BtB
• > 100 nos. 765 kV lines
• > 1300 nos. 400 kV lines,
• > 3200 nos. 220 kV lines
• 26 ISTS transmission licensees
Indian Power Market
• Licensed Traders - 43 Nos.
• Market Participants > 3000 Nos.
• Two Power Exchanges (PXs)
• Indian Energy Exchange
• Power Exchange of India Ltd.
• Open Access Volumes
• Transactions ~ 45,000 Nos./yr.
• Bilateral ~ 14,000 Nos.
• Collective (PX) ~ 31,000 Nos.
• Energy ~ 100 BUs/yr.
• Bilateral ~ 65 BUs
• Collective (PX) ~ 35 BUs
• Short Term ~ 10 %
Nepal Bhutan
Bangladesh
Myanmar
International Interconnections
Indian Grid…Large Footprint
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Wind Potential ~ 100 GW (at 80 m hub- height)
Solar Potential ~ 750 GW (4-7 kWh per sq. m per day)
National Offshore Wind Energy Policy
Solar Cities~ 60 Nos. Green Energy Corridors
Renewables CAGR ~ 18 %
Installed RE Capacity – 57, 260 MW as on 31 Mar’17
Generation-based Incentives
34 Solar Parks – 20 GW
Solar RPO ~ 8 % of total generation by 2022 (Excluding
Hydro)
Solar PV Reverse Bidding ~ Rs. 2.97/kWhr
Accelerated Depreciation
Wind Atlas, 2015
Renewables on the Rise…MW to GW
Intra-State Settlement System and Imbalance
Handling
Forecasting (Load/ RE generation/Net Load)
Spinning Reserves
Frequency Control (Primary/Secondary/
Tertiary)
Technical Standards for RE Generation
Ancillary Services
Balanced Portfolio Flexibility - Harnessing
and Incentivizing Market Design Enhancements
Communication in Power Sector
Capacity Building of all stakeholders
Web-Link: http://powermin.nic.in/sites/default/files/uploads/Final_Consolidated_Report_RE_Technical_Committee.pdf
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Technical Committee on Large Scale Integration of Renewables
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Indian Electricity Act, 2003
• Development of Grid Interactive Renewable Power
• Tariff Determination , Renewable Purchase Obligation
• Grid Connectivity, Market Development
National Electricity Policy, 2005
• Competition and Development of RE technologies
• Policy for Repowering of the Wind Power Projects – Aug’16
• Competitive Bidding
• Guidelines for Grid connected solar PV power projects – Sep’16
• RE Consumption Targets
Tariff Policy, 2016
• Competitive bidding for RE procurement (maximum 35% of installed capacity can be sourced from determined/preferential tariff)
• Renewable Generation Obligations (RGO), Long term RPO
• Vintage and technology multiplier allowed in REC
• Inter-state transmission charges waived off for RE power
• Solar RPO to be 8% by 2022 (excluding hydro power)
• Provisions regarding micro-grids
• Smart meters mandated - consumers 500 units (2017) & 200 units (2019)
• Procurement of power from waste-to-energy plants compulsory
175 GW by 2022
Policy Initiatives
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• Deviation charges of RE generators delinked from frequency
• More opportunities to revise the schedule – 16 times in a day
• Commercial liability known upfront with no additional charges & surcharges
• Centralized (LDCs) & De-centralized (Generators, Aggregators) Forecasting
• Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) to ensure physical energy balance
Framework for Forecasting, Scheduling & Imbalance Handling for Renewable Energy Generators at Inter-State Level
• Indian Electricity Grid Code – Flexibility in Conventional Generation notified in May’17
• Deviation Settlement Mechanism – Provisions for Renewable Rich states
• Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) Mechanism
• 15 Minute Bidding in Power Exchanges, 24x7 Round-the-clock session
• Ancillary Services Operations, Roadmap to Operationalize Reserves
• Draft Communication System for inter-State transmission of electricity Regulations
• Draft Transmission Planning Regulations, 2017
Other Regulatory Measures at Inter-State Level
• Harmonization at intra-state levels - Draft by Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, MP, Rajasthan, Odisha, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu, Chhattisgarh, Manipur & Mizoram. Karnataka notified final regulations in May’16.
• Report on SCHEDULING, ACCOUNTING, METERING AND SETTLEMENT OF TRANSACTIONS IN ELECTRICITY (“SAMAST”)
• FOR Model Regulations in March 2017 regarding Deviation Settlement Mechansim at intra-state level for adoption by respective SERCs.
FOR - Model Regulations on Forecasting, Scheduling and Deviation Settlement of Wind/Solar at the State Level
Regulatory Interventions
• Technical Minimum @ 55 % in Conventional Thermal Generators
• Station Heat Rate (SHR) linked compensation mechanism
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Expected All India Duck Curve
(Sample: 20000 MW of Solar Generation)
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Net Load
Actual Demand
Belly:
Decrease in net load
Neck:
Steep ramping
Head:
Evening Peak
Source: NLDC SCADA data, CAGR assumed: 8%
Max. PLF ~ 78 % (2009-
10)
PLF ~ 62 % (2015-16)
Challenges • Recognize Flexibility • Define Flexibility • Design Metrics for Flexibility • Measure Flexibility • Pay for Flexibility • Incentivize Flexibility
Incentivizing Flexibility
• Operational Pumped Storage Hydro Plants – Purulia (900 MW)
– Srisailam (900 MW)
– Kadamparai (400 MW)
– Ghatghar (250 MW)
– Bhira (150 MW)
• Balancing with Conventional Generation
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10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1-Apr 1-May 1-Jun 1-Jul 1-Aug 1-Sep
In M
illi
on U
nits
Flexing the Hydro for Balancing the wind generation in Karnataka
Hydro
Wind
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10
20
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1-Apr 1-May 1-Jun 1-Jul 1-Aug 1-Sep
Mil
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Un
itse
Flexing of Thermal for Balancing Wind Generation in Karnataka
THERMAL
Wind
Flexing Hydro Flexing Thermal
• Balancing with Pumped Storage Hydro Plant
MW
Kadamparai - Pump Storage Plant 8
Balancing of Renewables
• Load Forecasting; a paradigm shift
• RE forecasting at infancy
• Need for forecasting and scheduling framework at intra state level
• Need for aggregators
• Forecast Service Providers (FSPs)
• Centralized and decentralized
• Capacity Building
2016 pre-Diwali festival
India to prepare for 26th Dec 2019 and 21st June 2020 solar eclipse!! 9
Forecasting & Scheduling
• Layer of Centralized Ancillary Despatch over Decentralized Layer of Scheduling Process
• Ramp Management, Congestion Management
• Grid Resilience, Reliability Support
• Benefits to stakeholders – Generators & State Utilities
• Freedom and Choice available to states retained
• Improvement in Frequency Profile
Enabler – 24x7 Power for All
• RRAS Providers: 48 Nos.
• Capacity under RRAS: 52 GW
• RRAS Instructions (Avg.): 05 to 06 Nos./day
• Highest RRAS ‘Up’ in a day: 3746 MW
• Highest RRAS ‘Down’ in a day: 1946 MW
• Energy Despatch/day- Up : 6 MU, Down : 1 MU
• Weekly Accounting
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Ancillary Services – Security, Reliability and Economy
Primary
• All India - 4000 MW
• Outage of Ultra Mega Power Plant (UMPP) or any similar event
Secondary
• All India - 3623 MW
• NR – 800 MW
• WR – 800 MW
• SR – 1000 MW
• ER – 660 MW
• NER – 363 MW
Tertiary
• All India - 5218 MW
• NR – 1658 MW
• WR – 1353 MW
• SR – 1343 MW
• ER – 857 MW
• NER – 65 MW
• CERC Roadmap for Reserves • Stakeholder Consultations • Pilot project initiated– Sept.’16
• Coal fired based station – NTPC Dadri • Plant level specifications - AGC signals • Control actions from NLDC
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Roadmap for Reserves
• Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT)
• High Voltage Ride Through (HVRT)
• Voltage and current harmonics
• Primary Response
• Voltage Control
Draft Standards up for public comments http://cea.nic.in/reports/regulation/draft_technical_std_grid_regulations.pdf
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Technical Standards for Grid Connectivity
Imperatives for moving to ‘Fast Markets’
• Learning from implementation of Ancillary Services • Requirements under ancillary despatch are
• Quick / Fast response & turnaround time • Despatch for short durations • Example: hour boundary changeover
• A costly resource, to be used in limited manner for system reliability • Increasing granularity would optimize cost of despatch
• Earliest possible implementation of RRAS despatch instruction is 16 minutes
• Re-scheduling of resources • 4-blocks of 5 minutes (20 min) vs 4-blocks of 15-minutes (60 min)
• Increasing RE penetration
• Ramping requirements
• Recognizing flexibility as a requirement
• Implementation of Primary, Secondary (AGC) and Tertiary Reserves/Control
• Reserves: Despatch, accounting & settlement
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Actions Needed for implementation of Fast Markets in India
• Forecasting
• Scheduling & Despatch
• Markets : 5-minute bilateral markets; Power Exchanges – 5 minute price discovery
• Deviation Settlement 5-minute prices in DSM
• Commercial interface metering
• Settlement system – energy accounting, financial settlement
• Changes in various CERC/SERC Regulations
• Gate closure provisions
• Changes in CEA Metering Standards
• Replacement of meters
• Software upgrade at the RLDCs/SLDCs – scheduling, meter data processing, accounting, settlement
• Software upgrade at the RPCs
• Holding workshops, dissemination, stakeholder capacity building
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Discussion
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Thank You !