Post on 12-Jul-2015
Conversion of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch to Fermentable Sugars
MOHD DANIAL BIN MUHD ALI
MMJG143006
SUPERVISOR : DR PRAMILA TAMUNAIDU
CO-SUPERVISOR : PROF DR NOOR AZIAN BT MORAD1
10 Oct 2014CAIRO’s Meeting Room
Introduction
- Lignocellulosic Biomass
- Oil Palm Biomass
- Availability of Solid Waste
- Types of Pretreatment
Problem Statement
Objectives of Research
Overall Methodology
Proposed Research Scopes
Chemical Composition Studies
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Presentation Outline
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Introduction
Lignocellulosic biomass refers to plant biomass that is composed of mainly cellulose, hemicellulose, and
lignin.
• Rigid, linear polymer of glucose subunits
• Branching polymer of C-5,C-6, uronic acid, acetyl derivatives
• Complex, cross-linked polymer of aromatic rings (phenolic monomers)
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Oil Palm Biomass
National Biomass Strategy 2020: New wealth creation for Malaysia’s palm oil industry
Type of Biomass DescriptionSite of
ProductionAvailability
(MnT)
Leaves of palm tree Plantation 48
Tree trunks available at end of plantation lifecycle
Plantation15
Remains after removal of palm fruits
Mill 7
Remains after palm kernel oil extraction
Mill 4
Remains after oil extractionfrom mesocarp
Mill 8
Liquid by-product from sterilization and milling of
FFBMill 65 (wet weight)
Fronds
(OPF)
Trunks
(OPT)
Empty Fruit
Bunch (EFB)
Shell
(PKS)
Mesocarp
Fiber (MF)
Palm Oil Mill
Effluent
POME
2010 2015 2020
Frond
Trunk
Fibre
EFB
Shell
49
Dry Weight (million tonnes)
Year
4 4 57 7 87
88
161514
46 48
Source: ETP; MPOB; "Exploring land use changes and the role of palm oil production in Indonesia and Malaysia" 2010. B. Wicket 5
Availability of Solid Waste:Oil Palm Biomass
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Types of Pretreatment
Physical Pretreatment
Chemical Pretreatment
Biological Pretreatment
Milling Ultrasonic
Pretreatment
Acid Hydrolysis Alkaline Hydrolysis Liquid Hot Water
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Physicochemical Pretreatment
Steam Explosion Ammonia Fiber
Explosion Hot Compressed
Water
• Destroy the lignin structure
• Reduce the crystallinity of cellulose
• Increase the porosity of the lignocellulosic material
Author
Lignocellulosics Feedstock
Conversion Process
Process Condition ProductType of Biomass
AvailibilityChemical
CompositionCommon Name
Scientific Name
Chin et. al
Applied Energy
88(2011) 4222-4228
Oil Palm Trunk
Elaeisguineensis
Malaysia: Largest agricultural plantation, 4.69 million hect.
Lignin: 18.4 Holocellulose: 78.5 Cellulose: 47.5 Ash: 1.69
Chemical Process: Concentrated Sulfuric Acid hydrolysis
Wood to Acid Ratio: 1:5 1st Stage Conc. (%): 60,65,70,75 2nd Stage Conc. (%): 10, 30 Reaction Time (min): 60, 120 Temperature (°C): 60
76% Glucose
Prado et. Al
J. of Supercritical Fluids 86 (2014)
15– 22
Sugarcane Bagasse
Saccharumofficinarum
Not mentioned Not mentioned
Physico-chemical Process: Sub-critical Water
Semi-Batch Reactor: Reaction Time (min): 30,32,38 Temperature (°C): 213, 251, 290 Pressure: 20MPa
5.6% Sugars,
1.37% 5-hydroxym
ethyl furfural
(5-HMF), 4.6%
Furfural
Literature Survey
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Literature Survey
Author
Lignocellulosics Feedstock
Conversion Process
Process Condition ProductType of Biomass
AvailibilityChemical
CompositionCommon Name
Scientific Name
Akhtar et. al
Renewable Energy 35
(2010) 1220–1227
Empty Palm Fruit
Bunch (EFB)
Elaeis guineensisNot mentioned
Not mentioned
Physico-chemical Process: Hot Compressed Water
Reaction Time (min): 20 Temperature (°C): 270 Pressure (bars): 20-45 Catalyst: K2CO3, NaOH, KOH
0.61% Phenols, 94.29% Methyl Ester, 1.72% Benzoic Acid
Jeon et. al Biomass & Bioenergy 67 (2014)
99-107
EmptyPalm Fruit
Bunch (EFB)
Elaeis guineensisIndonesia: 44,000 ton/yrfresh EFB
Cellulose: 34.6 ± 0.7%Hemicellulose: 17.1 ± 0.5%Lignin: 26.4 ±0.5% Ash: 1.6 ±0.1% Others: 20.3 ±0.9%
Pilot Plant Scale
Pretreatment: 2.9 M sodium hydroxide at 130 °C and 3.5 kg f/cm2 for 20 min, Hydrolysis: Separate Hydrolysis & Fermentation (SHF) process, 50 °C, pH 4.8 (controlled using sulfuric acid), and agitation at 60 Hz Fermentation: 5% Saccharomyces cerevisiaeat 33 °C for 48 h. Distillation, Dehydration
83.6 % Bioethan
ol
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Author
Lignocellulosics Feedstock
Conversion Process
Process Condition ProductType of BiomassAvailibility
Chemical CompositionCommon
NameScientific
Name
Chang et. al
Bioresource
Technology121 (2012)
93–99
Wheat Straw
Triticumaestivum
Not mentioned
Cellulose: 39.5 ± 0.3%, Hemicelluloses: 17.7 ± 0.7% Lignin: 15.9 ±0.4%
Chemical Process:Concentrated Sulfuric Acid hydrolysis in Ethanol Media
Liquid to Solid Ratio (wt/wt): 15:1 -25:1 Acid Conc. (wt/wt%): 60,65,70,75 Reaction Time (min): 15-45 Temperature (°C): 180-200
51% Ethyl Levulinate
Chang et. al
Bioresource
Technology158 (2014) 313–320
Corn Cob Zea mays Not mentioned
Cellulose: 27.5 ± 1.68% Hemicelluloses: 33.6 ± 4.2%Lignin: 19.6 ±0.39% Extractives: 14.3 ± 0.39%
Chemical Process:Catalytic Hydrothermal Pretreatment via Solid Acid Catalyst
Solid Acid Catalyst: (SO4)2- /TiO2–ZrO2/La3+ Solid to Water Ratio (g/ml): 5:100, 10:100, 15:100 Reaction Time (min): 0-120 Temperature (°C): 160,170,180,190 Agitation: 350rpm/min
6.8% Xylose, 6.18%
Furfural
Literature Survey
9
Literature Survey
Author
Lignocellulosics Feedstock
Conversion Process
Process Condition ProductType of Biomass
AvailibilityChemical
CompositionCommon
Name
Scientific Name
Chui et. al
Bioresource
Technology 102 (2011) 1831–1836
Corn Stover
Zea mays Not mentioned
Cellulose: 64.83% Hemicelluloses: 23.89%Lignin: 11.61%
Biological Process: Mixed Cultures
Cultures: Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus brevispH: 5 Temperature (°C): 37 Time(h): 36 Shaking (rpm): 100
0.7g/g Lactic Acid
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Yemis & Mazza
Bioresource
Technology 109 (2012) 215–223
Wheat Straw
Triticumaestivum
Globally: 600–900 million Mt/yr
Cellulose: (30–35%), Hemicellulose: (15–25%) Lignin: (10–25%)
Physico-chemical Proces: Acid Catalyzed Conversion by Microwave Assisted
Catalyst: Hydrochloric Acid Microwave Extraction System: (ETHOS EX, Milestone,Italy) Time(min): 5, 10, 15, 20
65% Glucose,
100% Xylose, 3.4% 5-hydroxymethyl furfural
(5-HMF), 66%
Furfural
Problem Statement
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The problem statement are stated below:
Abundance of solid oil palm biomass due to increasing of demand of palm oil product
Difficulty of degrading lignocellulosic material to easily accessible carbon sources
Degrading lignocellulosic material in a short period of time
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Objectives of Research
The objectives of this research are to:
• Determine chemical composition of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB).
• Physico-chemical (hot-compressed water/subcritical) conversion of oil palm biomass into soluble and insoluble-products
• Improvement and optimization of conversion process
Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB)
Chemical Composition Studies
Hot Compressed Water Treatment
Soluble Products Insoluble Products
Ash Content Inorganic Element Extractives Content Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin
Considered Parameter Pressure Temperature Solid to Solvent Ratio
Analysis
Overall Methodology
Improvisation/
Optimization 13
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Proposed of Research Scopes
The scopes of this research are to:
• Determine the optimum mean particle size (MPS) prior to Hot-Compressed Water (HCW) extraction between 0.15-0.50 mm.
• Characterize the component of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin from the raw and extracted sample through Electron Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
• Optimization of Empty Fruit Bunch fibre extraction through Hot-Compressed Water (HCW) extraction at operating condition of temperature (200°C -270°C), pressure (4- 10MPa).
• Conduct acid hydrolysis of Empty Fruit Bunch fibre on the effect of temperature, time and solvent to sample ratio.
Chemical Composition Studies
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Preparation of Sample
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Milling Process of EFB at FRIM
Sample : EFB FibreLocation : Wood Composite Laboratory, FRIMWeight of Sample : 1.50 kgMachine : Disc Mill
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Milling Process of EFB at FRIM
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Ash Analysis at Solid Mechanics Lab
Sample : EFB FibreApparatus : Electrical Laboratory FurnaceModel : Nabertherm (LH 15/14)
Timeline of Planned Research Activities
YEAR 2014 YEAR 2015
SEM 1 SEM 2 SEM 3 SEM 4
Sep
t
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Ap
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May
Ju
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Ju
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Au
g
Sep
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Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Ap
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May
Ju
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Ju
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Au
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Literature Review
Preparation of Oil Palm
Biomass
Study of Chemical
Composition
Experiments
Analysis
1st Progress Report
Improved experiments
Analysis
Optimization
Result and Discussion
Report Writing
Thesis Defense
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• Continuation on the chemical composition studies; extractives content, carbohydrates content; cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content.
• Literature studies on hot-compressed water treatment.
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Next Progress
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Source: http://catinaanderson.com/photography/just-what-i-needed-to-hear-1-year-later/