• Green AlgaeGreen Algae are the ancestors of today’s land/terrestrial plants.

• Early land plants faced many challenges.

A. How to conserve waterconserve water?

B. How to reproducereproduce on landland?

C. How to absorb mineralsabsorb minerals from rockyrocky surfacessurfaces?

Plant Evolution

Plant Kingdom

nonvascular vascular

seed seedless

angiosperms gymnosperms

monocots dicots

Plant Classification Review

• Nonvascular:

mosses, hornworts, liverworts

____________________________________

• Vascular, Seedless:

whisk ferns, club mosses, horsetails, ferns

• Vascular, Seed:

Gymnosperms & Angiosperms

Plant Classification Review

Gymnosperms- “naked seeds”

Cycad Ginkgo Tree

Conifers

Kinds of Gymnosperms

• Conifers

• Cycads

• Ginkgo

• Gnetophytes

Ex: Ephedra

Divide your paper in half. Label each section as and

MONOCOTS DICOTS

Create an Angiosperm Foldable

Monocot Dicot Seeds Seeds

Monocot

LEAVES

Parallel leaf venation Net-like leaf venation

Dicot

Monocot Dicot

ROOT SYSTEMS

Fibrous Root System Taproot System

Monocot DicotFLOWER PARTS

Multiples of 3 Multiples of 4 or 5

Monocot Dicot

Monosulcate Mostly tricolpate

Pollen Grains

Monocot DicotStem StructureStem Structure

(vascular bundles)

Primary vascular bundles scattered Primary vascular bundles in a ring

Dicot: Vascular Bundles

RecapThere are two types of Vascular Plants that produce Seeds:

Angiosperms & Gymnosperms Angiosperm seeds develop within a flower.

Angiosperms can be divided into two groups called MonocotsMonocots and DicotsDicots

Gymnosperm seeds develop without a sealedcontainer; called “naked seeds.”

Check on your seeds!! What stage are they in?

From a Seed to a Seedling

• The development of a seed into a seedling is called GERMINATION.GERMINATION.

• What enables a seed to germinate?

* Seed coat damage* Seed coat damage

* Exposure to temperature changes* Exposure to temperature changes

* Penetration of * Penetration of HH22OO & & OO22 through the seed through the seed

coatcoat

Importance of CotyledonsImportance of Cotyledons• “Cots”- provide foodfood for the embryo.

• Once the food is used up, the cotyledons shrivel up and fall off.

Can you label a Monocot Seed?

A. Seed coat

B. Endosperm

C. Cotyledon

D. Embryo

Can you label a Dicot Seed?

A. Seed coat

B. Endosperm

C. Cotyledon

D. Embryo

Fruit and Seed Dispersal

• Three common ways fruit and seeds are dispersed:– Wind– Animals (bees, butterflies, birds, bats)

– Water

Fruit ClassificationFruit Classification

• A fruitfruit is a mature ovary.

• Fruits can be classified using these two two characteristicscharacteristics:– How many flowers or pistils form the fruit?– Is the fruit dry or fleshy?

Use the Chart on Page 619Use the Chart on Page 619

• What type of fruit is a WWaatteerrmmeelloonn?

• What type of fruit is a PineapplePineapple?

• What type of fruit is a Green PeaGreen Pea?

• What type of fruit is an AppleApple?

• What type of fruit is CornCorn or WheatWheat?

Flowers of Monocots & Dicots

Objectives:

Today in lab, students will be able to:

1. Identify the parts of a flower.

2. Identify monocots and dicots based on type of flower and/or type of seed.

3. Properly label a flower diagram and seed diagram.

Flowers and Seeds of Monocots & Dicots

1 2

1 2

1 & 2

Examples of Angiosperms

Monocots vs. Dicots

FLOWER DISSECTION

Lily

A

B

C

D

Lily

A

C

B

Ovary

Stigma

Style

A

B

C

Anther

Filament

Stamen

Stamens and Pistil

C

F

E

A

D

B

P

S

P

P

S

S

P = Petal; S= Sepal

B

A

Bud

Sepals

sepals

petals

stamens

pistil

bract

FUNCTIONS OF FLOWER

STRUCTURES

Functions of flower structures

Sepal

• Sepals- protects the flower while it is a bud

Petals

• Sepals- protects the flower while it is a bud

• Petals- attract insects and animals to aid in pollination

Stamen

What’s that?

A

B

C

• Sepals- protects the flower while it is a bud

• Petals- attract insects and animals to aid in pollination

• Stamens- male part of the flower which includes the anther and filament; it produces pollen.

Anther

• Sepals- protects the flower while it is a bud

• Petals- attract insects and animals to aid in pollination

• Stamens- male part of the flower which includes the anther and filament; it produces pollen.

• Anther- produce and release pollen to the stigma of the same or another flower for reproduction.

Anther

Filament

Stamen

• Anther- produce and release pollen to the stigma of the same or another flower for reproduction.

• Filament- elevates the anther away from the flower for pollen dispersal and transports nutrients to the anther.

• Pollen- contains sperm for fertilization.

Pistil

• Anther- produce and release pollen to the stigma of the same or another flower for reproduction.

• Filament- elevates the anther away from the flower for pollen dispersal and transports nutrients to the anther.

• Pollen- contains sperm for fertilization.

• Pistil (Carpel)-female part of the flower which includes the stigma, style and ovary; it produces ovules, which are similar to eggs in animals. Produces seeds and fruit.

Stigma

• Anther- produce and release pollen to the stigma of the same or another flower for reproduction.

• Filament- elevates the anther away from the flower for pollen dispersal and transports nutrients to the anther.

• Pollen- contains sperm for fertilization.

• Pistil (Carpel)-female part of the flower which includes the stigma, style and ovary; it produces ovules, which are similar to eggs in animals. Produces seeds and fruit.

• Stigma- collects pollen on its surface and aids in fertilization

A

C

B

Ovary

Stigma

Style

Style

Where is it located?

What does it do?B

C

A

Style

Where is it located?

What does it do?Style

C

A

• Pollen- contains sperm for fertilization.

• Pistil (Carpel)-female part of the flower which includes the stigma, style and ovary; it produces ovules, which are similar to eggs in animals. Produces seeds and fruit.

• Stigma- collects pollen on its surface and aids in fertilization

• Style- elevates the stigma to collect pollen

B

C

A Ovary

Where is it located?

What does it do?

B

Ovary

A Ovary

Where is it located?

What does it do?

• Pollen- contains sperm for fertilization.

• Pistil (Carpel)-female part of the flower which includes the stigma, style and ovary; it produces ovules, which are similar to eggs in animals. Produces seeds and fruit.

• Stigma- collects pollen on its surface and aids in fertilization

• Style- elevates the stigma to collect pollen

• Ovary- produce ovules (eggs); when fertilized ovules become seeds and fruits.

STOP HERE!

FERTILIZATION

A

Fruit Development

A

B

Fruit Examples with only 1 seed

1

23

6 5

4

7

Example of fruit with multiple seeds

Hibiscus

E

F

A

D

B

C

Filament

Anther

Stigma

Sepal

Style

Petals

A

B

Stigmas

Pistil & Stamens

Anther

Underside of Hibiscus

Petal

Sepal

Confusing Flowers

• Flowers with spurred petals.  Count them.  There are five.  This is a dicot, and the netted venation of the leaves will bear this out.  The plant is a colombine, Aquilegia canadensis, and the number of spur this time is always five.  

What is a “spur?”• Petals often develop a nectar-containing Petals often develop a nectar-containing

extension of the tubular corolla, called a extension of the tubular corolla, called a spurspur. .

• This may involve one petal, as in the larkspur This may involve one petal, as in the larkspur ((DelphiniumDelphinium), ),

• This may also involve all the petals, as in This may also involve all the petals, as in columbine (columbine (AquilegiaAquilegia))

(Both members of the family Ranunculaceae.) (Both members of the family Ranunculaceae.)