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LESSON 1: EL ALFABETO
VOWELS:A E I O U
CONSONANTS:
B C D F G
H J K L M
N P Q R S
T V W X Y
Z
Practique el alfabeto Ingls con los siguientes acrnimos.
1. APU
2. GTC
3. TIT
4. RPM
5. GC
6. AC
7. DC
8. JP-4
9. JT-8
10. HP
11. MGL
12. TDZ
13. NLG
14. TPT
15. VFR
16. UHF
17. TDZE
18. TAS
19. IFR
20. RW
21. RVR
22. ICAO
23. FAA
24. CIA
25. INS
26. NASA
27. OJT
28. POW
29. OAT
30. ADF
31. AFM
32. IAW
33. AFTO
34. SHP
35. ATC
36. EGT
37. FAR
38. ATM
39. FOD
40. GMT
41. GW/GWT
42. STOL
43. VLF
44. PSI
45. IRAN
46. GPS
47. AWG
48. AFR
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LESSON 2: EL ARTICULO DETERMINADO
El artculo determinado the es invariable y se usa esta nica forma para expresar slo el
nmero singular y plural de los sustantivos en Ingls, ya que stos no tienen gnero;
son neutros.
Ejemplos:the fuselage the cockpit The engines the lights
el fuselaje la cabina de mando los motores las
luces
En los espacios en blanco, escriba el artculo determinado the y traducir cadaejercicio.
1) _____ blade
2) _____ skids
3) _____ windshield
4) _____ airfoil
5) _____ power-plants
6) _____ gearbox
7) _____ thermocouple
8) _____ temperature
9) _____ instruments
10) _____ indicators
11) _____ pumps
12) _____ alternator
13) _____ voltage
14) _____ filter
15) _____ altimeter
16) _____ receiver
17) _____ aircraft
18) _____ wiring
19) _____ compressor
20) _____ alloy
21) _____ skin
22) _____ rotor
23) _____ oil
24) _____ compressor
25) _____ screwdriver
26) _____ micrometer
27) _____ stabilizers
28) _____ panel
29) _____ pressure
30) _____ bolts
31) _____ turbine
32) _____ assembly
33) _____ driveshaft
34) _____ spars
35) _____ longerons
36) _____ voltmeter
37) _____ crankshaft
38) _____ elevator
39) _____ motor
40) _____ generator
41) _____ radomes
42) _____ strainer
43) _____ pylons
44) _____ dipstick
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45) _____ vane 46) _____ cabin
LESSON 3: EL ARTICULO INDETERMINADO
El artculo indeterminado es a, pero se cambia a an delante de h muda o sonido vocal.
Ejemplos:a tool an instrument a helicopteruna herramienta un instrumento un helicptero
an hour a housing an assembly (assy) una hora un alojamiento un conjunto
Excepcin: a unit una unidad
En los espacios en blanco, escriba el artculo indeterminado a o an y traducir cadaejercicio.
1. ____ inverter
2. ____ groove
3. ____ accumulator
4. ____ unit
5. ____ repair
6. ____ inspection
7. ____ wrench
8. ____ nut
9. ____ undervoltage
10. ____ chisel
11. ____ reservoir
12. ____ display
13. ____ gear
14. ____ chamber
15. ____ horsepower
16. ____ crack
17. ____ outlet
18. ____ chip
19. ____ empennage
20. ____ bearing
21. ____ hub
22. ____ impeller
23. ____ exciter
24. ____ indicator
25. ____ actuator
26. ____ alternator
27. ____ valve
28. ____ console
29. ____ aircraft
30. ____ bellcrank
31. ____ fitting
32. ____ sump
33. ____ electrode
34. ____ engine
35. ____ battery
36. ____ insulator
37. ____ mixture
38. ____ overvoltage
39. ____ intake
40. ____ splice
41. ____ nozzle
42. ____ propeller (prop)
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43. ____ tank 44. ____ afterburner
LESSON 4: LA FORMA PLURAL
La mayora de los sustantivos en Ingls forman el plural agregandos al sustantivo en
singular.Ejemplos:
Singular plural singular plural
stop stops lever lever stope topes palanca palancas
Los sustantivos que terminan en sonidos (s, sh, ch, xo z), forman el plural agregando
-es al sustantivo en singular.
Ejemplos:
Singular plural singular pluralbox boxes brush brushescaja cajas escobilla escobillas
Singular plural
wrench wrenchesllave llaves
Los sustantivos terminados en -fo -fe forman el plural cambiando -fo -fe por ves
Ejemplos:
Singular plural singular plural knife knives shelf shelves cuchillo cuchillos estante estantes
Excepcin:
Singular plural
roof roofstecho techos
4. Los sustantivos que terminan en y, precedida por una consonante, cambian la y por
iy se agrega es
Ejemplos
Singular plural singular plural
frequency frequencies assembly assembliesfrecuencia frecuencias conjunto conjuntos
Nota: Cuando el sustantivo termina en -y precedida por una consonante, solamente
agregamos -s
Ejemplos:
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Singular plural singular plural
relay relays alloy alloysrel rels aleacin aleaciones
5. Los sustantivos terminados en -o, se les agrega -es
Ejemplos:
Singular plural singular plural
tornado tornadoes echo echo estornado tornados eco ecos
6. Algunos sustantivos tienen formas especiales para formar el plural.
Ejemplos:
Singular plural singular plural
aircraft aircraft vortex vorticesAeronave aeronaves remolino/torbellino remolinos
Singular plural singular plural
tooth teeth man mendiente dientes hombre hombres
Singular plural singular plural
foot feet spectrum spectrapie pies espectro espectros
Singular plural singular plural
radius radii datum dataradio radios dato datos
Si ngular plural singular pluralaxis axes series serieseje ejes serie series
singular plural
means meansmedio medios
En los espacios en blanco, escriba el plural de cada sustantivo y traducir cadaejercicio.
1. bench __________________
2. emergency __________________
3. radar __________________
4. latch __________________
5. stress __________________
6. battery __________________
7. switch __________________
8. harness __________________
9. fitting __________________
10. leaf __________________
11. display __________________
12. harness __________________
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13. hook __________________
14. apex __________________
15. loss __________________
16. accessory __________________
LESSON 5: LOS ADJETIVOS
1. Los adjetivos modifican, describen o dicen algo del nombre o sustantivo. Losadjetivos en Ingls no sufren modificaciones y se colocan antes del los
sustantivos en singular y plural.
Ejemplos:
longblade longbladespala larga palas largas
hotsection hotsections
seccin caliente secciones calientes
2. Los adjetivos tambin pueden seguir al verbo to be (ser o estar) en una oracin.
Ejemplos:
the levelis high the surfaces are roughel nivel es alto l as superficies estn speras
the nutis tightla tuerca est apretada
Subrayar el adjetivo, cambie a una frase, y finalmente traducir cada frase.
Ejemplo:
The washers / flat the flat washers las arandelas planas
1. The sharp/tools _________________________ _____________________
2. The hot/wires _________________________ ____________________
3. The lights/green. _________________________ _____________________
4. The engine/rough. _________________________ _____________________
5. The lean/mixture . _________________________ _____________________
6. The voltage/high. ________________________ _____________________
7. The integral/tanks _________________________ _____________________
8. The sheet/thin _________________________ _____________________
9. The open/ circuits _________________________ _____________________
10. The current/direct. ________________________ _____________________
11. The wet/sumps _________________________ _____________________
12. The gases/ hot. _________________________ _____________________
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13. The vertical/gyro. __________________________ _____________________
14. The integral/tanks . __________________________ _____________________
LESSON 6: FORMACION DE LOS SUSTANTIVOSCOMPUESTOS
1. Se llama en inglssustantivo compuesto, a la unin de dos o ms sustantivos, conguin o sin l, portador de una idea de conjunto que no expresan tan clara o
rpidamente las palabras componentes en sucesin continuada.
2. El idioma Ingls nos permite muy a menudo poner uno o ms sustantivos antes del
sustantivo principal, donde el sustantivo del extremo derecho es el sustantivo
principaly los que le siguen son los sustantivos modificadores.
Ejemplo: Compare estas frases donde el sustantivo principal es: compressor
An axial flow compressor A Compressor with axial flow
Un compresor de/con/que tiene flujo axial
3. Los sustantivos compuestos son, algunas veces, difciles de entender. Para
entenderlos mejor siempre siga el principio de empezar al final y luego tomar el
sentido contrario, en esta direccin
Ejemplo:
Controllable pitch tail rotor
Cul es el sustantivo principal? (rotor) El sustantivo principal es, que se
trata de un tipo de rotor.
Cul es la penltima palabra? (tail) Se trata de la cola,de un
helicptero, donde se ubica un
rotor.
Cul es la antepenltima palabra?(controllable) Es la capacidad del rotor (no de la
cola) de ser controlable .
Por lo tanto, podemos ver que: Controllable tail rotor
Significa: Rotor de cola tipo controlable
4. El criterio de un estilo adecuado de redaccin, el conocimiento profesional del
tema en cuestin y la experiencia profesional son requisitos muy primordiales que
debe poseer toda persona que trabaja con este tipo de estructuras gramaticales del
Ingls Tcnico.
Ejemplos:
Friction losses = Prdidasporfriccin (no de friccin)
Turbine engine = Motor a turbina (no de turbina)
Butt weld = Soldadura tipo embutido
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Temperature drop = Cada de temperatura
Metal tubes = Tubos de metal
Heat transfer = Transferencia trmica o calorfica
LESSON 7: CASOS CON SUSTANTIVOS COMPUESTOS:1. La relacin de dos sustantivos, principal y modificador cambia el sentido, si se
invierte su posicin.
Ejemplos:
warning system system warningsistema de avisos aviso del sistema
flight test test flight
prueba en vuelo vuelo de prueba
2. Al igual que los adjetivos, los sustantivos modificadores no se pluralizan en Ingls.
Ejemplos:
Junction box instrument panel gear boxcaja de empalmes panel de instrumentos caja de engranajes
3. Cuando un numeral y un sustantivo se usan como modificadores, el sustantivo
modificador es siempre singular en forma y la expresin es usualmente escrita con
un guin.
Ejemplos:
100-hourinspection two three-positionswitches
inspeccin de 100 horas dos switches de tres posiciones
4. Tambin existen los sustantivos compuestos que pueden escribirse de tres maneras
diferentes, usados como adjetivos.
Ejemplos:
airspeed takeoff checklist nosewheel
air-speed take-off check-list nose-wheel air speed take off check list nose wheel
velocidad de vuelo decolaje lista de chequeo rueda de nariz
5. Para sustantivos modificadores separados por la conjuncin and o la preposicin
to , frecuentemente se toma primero el sustantivo modificador que est antes
de to o and y luego se sigue el orden establecido.
Ejemplos:
Main andnose landing gearTren de aterrizaje principaly de nariz
press-to-test lampslmparas del tipo presione-para-probar
Pero:
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Aural messages and visual indicationsMensajes auditivos e indicaciones visuales
6. La relacin entre los sustantivos puede variar de muchas maneras siendo necesario la
aplicacin del conocimiento profesional como puede verse en los ejemplos.
Ejemplos:
Friction losses oil canPrdidasporfriccin aceitera
inlet temperature dye test temperatura de entrada prueba con tinte
7. Cuando se encuentra un adjetivo como modificador, ste usualmente va al principio
de la frase, en un grupo de ms de dos sustantivos, pero en Espaol tienden
generalmente a tomar una posicin diferente dentro de la frase, para su mejor
entendimiento.El conocimiento del tema es muy importante para realizar interpretaciones de este
tipo.
Ejemplos:
thickfoam layer longrange navigationcapa gruesa de espuma navegacin de largo alcance
Traducir cada frase usando reglas adecuadas de estilo y aplicando las reglas antesmencionadas.Ejemplo:
A series circuit the electrical pressure Un circuito en serie el potencial elctrico.
1. Emergency shutdown procedures
2. Turboprop engine
3. Engine cold start oil vent solenoid valve
4. ON-OFF two position switches5. Flight compartment
6. Overheat light
7. Engine-to-aircraft instrument wiring connector
8. Cabin-to-atmosphere pressure differential
9. 5 three-position valves
10. Frequency amplifier
11. Amplifier frequency
12. Integrated flight instrument system
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13. Turbo-shaft engine
14. The switch box
15. Illustrate parts breakdown
16. Heat energy content
17. Airtight container
18. The hydraulic power
19. Communication satellite
20. Satellite communication
21. Fiberglass honeycomb panel
22. Push-pull rods
23. Outboard wing tanks
24. Oil pressure relief valve
25. Oil flow adjustment knob
26. Exhaust gas temperature compensating resistor control assembly
27. Feedback
28. Magnetic brake
29. Wire antenna
30. Antenna wire
31. Visual approach slope indicator system
32. Precision acquisition of vehicle entry and phased array warning system
33. Outside air temperature
34. Seal and gasket unit
35. Passive air defense electronic counter measures
36. Nose gear cylinder steering post
37. Light-rust preventive compound
38. Light preservative lubrication oil.
39. Hydraulic pump start push-button switch
40. Wind direction and velocity
41. Fuselage tank unit added capacitance value
42. Functional and operational check
43. Fuel transfer float switches
44. Hot-air emergency shutoff switches
45. Fuel flow indicator wire cable connector
46. Longitudinal wind component
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47. Four-stage, air-cooled, reciprocating unit
48. Four-wheel pneumatic-tired, automatic steering vehicle
LESSON 8: SUSTANTIVOS CON UN VERBO ENPARTICIPIO PASADO
El participio pasado de los verbos regulares e irregulares (ms adelante trataremos deeste tema) tambin se utiliza como adjetivo y en este caso acta como un adjetivo
pasivo y quiere decir: que ha recibido la accin .
Ejemplo:
The driven disc = es un disco accionado o movido o por otro dispositivo;
en este caso el disco " ha recibido la accin"
El participio pasado, en Espaol, corresponde a la terminacin ado, -ido de los verbos
o algunos tiene sus formas irregulares en espaol.El participio pasado, en Ingls, se forma agregando la terminacin ed a los verbos que
se llaman regulares y aquellos que tienen una forma propia para el pasado o participio
pasado se les llama irregulares (ms adelante estudiaremos este tema ms
detenidamente.)
Ejemplo:
Verbo Participio pasado
Regular to lubricate lubricated
lubricar lubricado(a)
Irregular to drive drivenmover, accionar accionado(a), movido(a)
Reglas de Formacin
a. Si el verbo termina en -e, solamente agregamos -dal verbo en su forma simple.
Ejemplo:
Verbo Participio Pasado Significado
Time timed sincronizado(a)
operate operated operado(a)
b. Si el verbo tiene una sola slaba y termina en CONSONANTEVOCAL
CONSONANTE, se duplica la ltima consonante antes de agregar -ED. Tambin
se aplica para verbos con ms de una slaba si es que tienen la ltima slaba
acentuada y terminan en la forma CONSONANTE VOCALCONSONANTE
Ejemplo:
Verbo Participio Pasado Significado
trip tripped disparado
scan scanned explorado
Con dos slabas: transMIT
Verbo Participio Pasado Significadotransmit transmitted transmitido
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c. Si el verbo termina en -y, precedida por una consonante, se cambia la-ypor-iy se
agrega -ed.
Ejemplo:
Verbo Participio Pasado Significadosupply supplied suministrado
carry carried transportado
d. Los verbos irregulares varan en su estructura interna.
Ejemplo:
Verbo Participio Pasado Significado
break broken roto
run run corrido
Cambie los siguientes sustantivos y verbos a sustantivos compuestos quecontengan un participio pasado. Traducir cada ejercicio.
1. The fuse blow ____________________ ____________________
2. The circuits - integrate ____________________ ____________________
3. The flange - weld ____________________ _____________________
1. The field -scan ____________________ ____________________
2. The wire - twist ____________________ ____________________
3. The circuit - tune ____________________ ____________________
4. The head -slot ____________________ ____________________
5. The circuit -print ____________________ ____________________
6. The shaft - offset ____________________ ____________________
7. The power - modulate ____________________ ____________________
8. The glass - harden ____________________ ____________________
9. The door -jam _____________________ ____________________
10. The conductor isolate _____________________ ____________________
11. The impedance - damp _____________________ ____________________
12. The circuit - time _____________________ ____________________
13. The climb step _____________________ ____________________
14. The wire strip _____________________ ____________________
15. .The data receive ____________________ ____________________16. The radio course give ____________________ ____________________
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17. .The relay energize ____________________ ____________________
18. .The capacitor wind ____________________ ____________________
19. The pitot tubes heat ____________________ ____________________
20. The position fair ____________________ ____________________
LESSON 9: PSEUDO PARTICIPIOS DE SUSTANTIVOSUSADOS COMO MODIFICADORES
Un tipo de pseudo o falso -participio pasado, Sse usa en algunos sustantivos para indicar
atribucin. Se forma tomando la forma singular del sustantivo que indica atribucin y
se aplican las reglas de formacin como para los verbos regulares (forma ed) de laleccin anterior.
Ejemplos:
A propellerwith(of. which has) three blades = A three bladed propeller
Una hlice con (de, que tiene) tres palas
Cambie los siguientes sustantivos a sustantivos compuestos que contengan unsustantivo en pseudo-participio. Traducir cada ejercicio.
1. A jet with fourengines
____________________________ ________________________________
2. A sheet with double wall
____________________________ ________________________________
3. A wire with strands
____________________________ ________________________________
4. A fuselage with doubleskin _____________________________ _________________________________
5. A fuselage with streamlined body_____________________________ _________________________________
6. A signal with fanshape_____________________________ _________________________________
7. A nose with twin wheels_____________________________ _________________________________
8. A transmit synchro with three legs
_____________________________ _________________________________
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9. A wheel with sharp teeth_____________________________ __________________________________
10.A rotor system with three blades
_____________________________ __________________________________
11.A vehicle with three tires
_____________________________ __________________________________
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LESSON 10 SUSTANTIVOS ACOMPAADOS DE UNADVERBIO Y UN VERBO EN PARTICIPIO PASADO:
1. Los adverbios son palabras que modifican a un verbo o a la accin del sujeto.
Los adverbios que estudiaremos se aplican a aquellos que se forman agregando el
sufijo ly (terminacinmente en Espaol) al adjetivo.
Adjetivo Adverbio
manual manual lymanual manualmente
Adjetivo Adverbio
hydraulical hydraulical lyhidrulica hidrulicamente
2. Algunos verbos son irregulares como:
Adjetivo Adverbio
good, well
fast fast
Ejemplos:
Hydraulically retracted landing gearTren de aterrizaje replegado hidrulicamente (adverbio)
Engine driven pump
Bomba accionada pormotor(del avin) (sustantivo)
A well streamlined metal fuselageUn fuselaje de metal bien perfilado
3. Tambin existen adverbios acompaados de un adjetivo.
Ejemplo:
A potentially dangerous flight path relative to the ground
Una trayectoria de vuelo relativa a la tierra potencialmente
peligrosa
Formar frases que contengan adverbios con verbos en participio pasado.Identificar el verbo y el adjetivo, convierta el verbo en participio pasado y el
adjetivo en adverbio y forme la frase compuesta. Finalmente traducir.
Ejemplo:
door/hydraulical/operate
hydraulically operated door puerta operada hidrulicamente
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puerta hidrulicamente operada
1. Centrifugal pump/operate/electrical
___________________________________________________________________
2. Slats/aerodinamycal/actuate
________________________________________________________________
___
3. Selector valves/actuate/automatical
___________________________________________________________________
4. Operate/manual/fire extinguishers
___________________________________________________________________
5. Ful/hydraulic accumulator/charge
________________________________________________________________
___
6. Bypass valve/actuate/mechanical
___________________________________________________________________
7. Hydraulical/spoilers/operate
___________________________________________________________________
8. Infinite/mechanical system/variable
___________________________________________________________________
9. Axial flow fan/drive/pneumatical
___________________________________________________________________
10. Rotor/ful/articulate
___________________________________________________________________
11. Operate/wing flap selector valve/manual
___________________________________________________________________
12. Pitot and static lines/protect/careful
___________________________________________________________________
13. Electrohydraulical/anti-skid system/ operate
___________________________________________________________________
14. Wheel well doors/actuated/ hydraulical
___________________________________________________________________
15. De-icing valves/electrical/control/pneumatical/actuate
___________________________________________________________________
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16. Heat/pitot tubes/electrical
___________________________________________________________________
17. Control/electrical/bleed air shutoff valve
___________________________________________________________________
LESSON 11: EL USO DEL APOSTROFE ('S) PARAEXPRESAR PERTENENCIA
1. Esta forma se utiliza ms para expresar posesin con seres animados.
Se forma colocando en primer lugar el sujeto poseedor seguido por un apstrofe y
una s ('s) y luego el objeto posedo.
Ejemplo:
The flight engineers instrument panelEl panel de instrumentos del ingeniero de vuelo
The instrument panel of the flight engineer
The flight engineer 's instrument panel
Poseedor: The flight engineer
Objeto posedo: instrument panel (el objeto posedo se coloca sin el artculo the ).
2. Cuando el sujeto poseedor termina en s, solamente se coloca el apstrofe (').
Ejemplos:
The passengers'life vestsLos chalecos salvavidas de los pasajeros
3. Ocasionalmente se utiliza con seres no animados y slo sirve para enfatizar o dar
importancia al sustantivo.
Ejemplos:
The aircraft'sstatic pressure The static pressure ofthe aircraftLa presin esttica de la aeronave La presin esttica de la aeronave
The earth's magnetic field The magnetic fieldofthe earthEl campo magntico de la tierra El campo magntico de la tierra
An aircraft's integral fuel tank The integral fuel tankofan aircraftEl tanque de combustible integral El tanque de combustible integral
de una aeronave de una aeronave
4. El posesivo con apstrofe tambin suele usarse regularmente con sustantivos que
expresan unidades de tiempo.Ejemplo:
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Todays airplanes the airplanes of today Los aviones de hoy Los aviones de hoy
Cambiar las siguientes frases que expresan posesin, de la forma of a la formacon el apstrofe ('s) ('). Finalmente traducir cada frase
Ejemplo:
The main hydraulic system of the airplane.
The airplane's main hydraulic systemEl sistema hidrulico principal del avin
1. The display system of the pilot ___________________________________ _______________________________
2. The seat of the captain
___________________________________ _______________________________
3. The center of gravity of the engine
___________________________________ _______________________________
4. A delay of an hour
___________________________________ _______________________________
5. The maintenance manuals of the manufacturer
___________________________________ _______________________________
6. The flight director of the captain
___________________________________ _______________________________
7. The flight controls of the airplane
___________________________________ _______________________________
8. The air bleed of the engine
___________________________________ _______________________________
9. The VHF NAV of the captain
___________________________________ _______________________________
10. The pitot static instruments of the co-pilot
___________________________________ _______________________________
11. The instrument power supply system of the co-pilot
___________________________________ _______________________________
12. The pitot-static system of the aircraft
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___________________________________ _______________________________
13. The primary flight control surfaces of the airplane
___________________________________ _______________________________
14. The fire shutoff valves of the engine
___________________________________ _______________________________
LESSON 12: SUSTANTIVOS ACOMPAADOS DE UNVERBO EN PARTICIPIO PRESENTE
El participio presente del verbo (terminacin -ingde los verbos en Ingls) tambin seutiliza como sustantivo modificador y en este caso acta como un adjetivo activo y
quiere decir: que hace la accin, o "sirve para" Ms adelante trataremos de las reglas
de formacin de los participios con -ing.
Ejemplos:
verbo presente participio sustantivo compuesto significadooscillate oscillating oscillating motion movimiento
oscilante
filter filtering filtering element elementofiltrante
warn warning warning system sistema para
avisos
Excepto:
repair repair ing repair station estacin reparadora
Buscar y escribir el presente participio de los verbos en itlica. Cambie a unsustantivo compuesto y finalmente traducir cada frase.
Ejemplo:
The rod - connect the connecting rod la varilla de conexin (biela)
1. the valve reduce ___________________ _____________________
2. The procedure - hold ___________________ _____________________
3. The light - warn ___________________ _____________________
4. The valve -fill ___________________ _____________________
5. The system - extinguish ___________________ _____________________
6. The pump - accelerate ___________________ _____________________
7. The wheel - turn ___________________ _____________________
8. The stage - tune ___________________ _____________________
9. The system - de-ice ___________________ _____________________
10. The valve - mix ___________________ _____________________
11. The oil - lubricate ___________________ _____________________
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12. The blanket - insulate ___________________ _____________________
13. The valve - actuate ___________________ _____________________
14. The circuits -sense ___________________ _____________________
15. The force magnetize ___________________ _____________________
16. The plane train ___________________ _____________________
17. The luglevel ___________________ _____________________
18. The amplifier limit ___________________ _____________________
LESSON 13: VERBOS USADOS COMO SUSTANTIVOSPRINCIPALES:Podemos formar sustantivos, a partir de verbos, usando la forma del participio presente
(-ing) de los verbos en Ingls.
Ejemplo:
Verbo Sustantivo (-ing) SignificadoRead (leer) reading lectura
House (alojar) housing alojamiento
The reading in the instrument is accurate.
La lectura del instrumento est exacta
Magneto housings are normally vented.
Los alojamientos del imn estn normalmente ventilados.
Excepcin: repair (reparar) repair reparacin
Forme sustantivos a partir de los siguientes verbos, agregando el participiopresente (forma -ing). Buscar el significado y traducir cada sustantivo
Ejemplo:
Steer (direccionar) steering direccionamiento
1. Bleed _____________________ ______________________
2. Land _____________________ ______________________
3. Roll _____________________ ______________________
4. Heat _____________________ ______________________
5. Warn _____________________ ______________________
6. Clean _____________________ ______________________
7. Refuel _____________________ ______________________
8. Fill _____________________ ______________________
9. Open _____________________ ______________________
10. Record _____________________ ______________________
11. Brake _____________________ ______________________
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12. Anneal _____________________ ______________________
13. Shield _____________________ ______________________
14. Pump _____________________ ______________________
15. Lubricate _____________________ ______________________
16. Lock _____________________ ______________________
17. Meter _____________________ ______________________
18. Countersink_____________________ ______________________
LESSON 14: EL VERBO TO BE: (tiempo presente forma afirmativa):
1. El verbo to be (sero estar) junto con los pronombres personales tiene estas formas
en el tiempo presente, forma afirmativa:
2. En Ingls suele usarse las formas cortas o abreviadas del verbo to be solamente en
las conversaciones o en la escritura del tipo informal. No ocurre en la escritura que
contiene informacin cientfica o tcnica. La forma de escribirlas es como sigue:
3. Los pronombres ity they se utilizan para representar sustantivos en singular y plural
respectivamente. En Espaol estos pronombres muchas veces no se escriben
porque se sobre-entienden. They se utiliza para representar tanto a personas como aobjetos en plural.
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FORMA AFIRMATIVA Singular Plural
1ra. Persona I am We
2da. Persona You are You are
3ra. Persona
He
She
It
is
They
FORMA AFIRMATIVA
Forma Completa Forma Corta
I am Im
You are Youre
He is Hes
She is Shes
It is Its
You are Youre
We are Were
They are Theyre
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Ejemplos:
The alternator is an AC generator. El alternador es un generador AC
It is an AC generator. (Este) es un generador AC.
The aileron, the rudder, and the elevator are the primary flight controls.El alern, el timn de direccin y el elevador son los controles primarios
de vuelo.
Theyare the primary flight controls.
(Estos) son los controles de vuelo primarios.
The pilot and the flight engineer are in the flight compartment.El piloto y el ingeniero de vuelo estn en el compartimiento de vuelo.
They are in the flight compartment Ellos estn en el compartimiento de vuelo.
Las oraciones abajo son oraciones sin el verbo TO BE . Ubicar la posicin delverbo TO BE (SER O ESTAR). Vuelva a escribir la oracin con la forma correcta del
verbo TO BE y traducir cada oracin.
Ejemplo:
Jet intake ducts danger areas.
Jet intake ducts are danger areas
Las ductos de admisin del chorro son reas peligrosas
1. Integral fuel tanks part of the aircraft structure.
2. The VOR bearing available to each computer
3. The turbine a wheel.
4. The fuselage the main structural unit of the airplane.
5. The main unit of the accessory section the gearbox.
6. The airframe all metal.
7. Rivets metal pins.
8. Flammable materials very dangerous.
9. Loop antennas usually circular or oval.
10. All hand pumps of the reciprocating-piston type.
11. The fuel pressure gage an engine instrument.
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12. The ampere the unit of measurement for current
13. The tachometer a primary engine instrument.
14. The generator drive transmission a differential constant speed unit.
15. The flight controls mechanical linkages.
16. Gears wheels with teeth.
17. The attitude indicator in the sensing system of an autopilot.
18. The transponder a special radio transceiver.
19. A liquid a non.compressible flow.
20. The vertical stabilizer a neutral airfoil.
21. VOR stations very low power stations.
22. Cherrymax and Olympic-lok rivets types of blind rivets.
23. The gas-and-air mixture combustible.
24. The Pre-flight inspection a visual and operational check.
LESSON 15: EL VERBO TO BE: (tiempo presente forma negativa)
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1. El Verbo to betiene estas formas en la forma negativa:
Ejemplos:
The altimeteris notan engine instrument.El altmetro no es un instrumento de motor
The spoilers and the flaps are notthe primary flight controls.
Los spoilers y los flaps no son controles de vuelo primarios
2. Existen dos maneras de expresar las formas cortas en la forma negativa:
a. Uniendo la forma del verbo to be con el pronombre.
b. Uniendo la forma del verbo to be con la negacin (not). Este caso no se cumple
para la forma de la primera persona del verbo to be (am)
. Forme oraciones con las palabras que aparecen en el ejercicio. Elija un sustantivocorrecto (en letra cursiva) para la forma negativa y otro para la forma afirmativa.
Ejemplo:
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FORMA NEGATIVA Singular Plural
1ra. Persona I am
not
We
are not2da. Persona You are You
3ra. Persona
He
She
It
I i s
They
FORMA NEGATIVA
Forma Completa Forma Corta
I am not Im not -----------
You are not Youre not You arent
He is not Hes not He isnt
She is not Shes not She isnt
It is not Its not It isnt
You are not Youre not You arent
We are not Were not We arent
They are not Theyre not They arent
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The safety wire - fastener/safetyingdevice.The safety wire is not afastener. The safety wire is asafetyingdevice.
1. The altimeter, the airspeed, and the vertical speed -flight /engine instruments.
2. The pneumatic drills - power/handtools
3. The elevator - a horizontal /a verticalairfoil.
4. The main structural members of a semimonocoque fuselage - the longerons/the
spars
5. A packing/ a gasket - flexible sealing element subject to motion.
6. An anti-skid system - an electrohydraulic /a pneumatic system.
7. A turbofan engine - an axial-flow/a centrifugal-flow turbine.
8. The copper wire - a conductor/an insulator.
9. A gear-type oil pump of the fuel system - apositive/a variable-displacement type
pump.
10. The rectifiers - electrical/mechanicaldevices.
11. The magnetic compass - anavigation /a flightinstrument.
12. The EGT - an engine condition/performance instrument.
13. The diesel engine - acompression/a sparkignition engine
14. The pressure source for aircraft power brakes - the hydraulic / the pneumatic
system.
15. An orifice check valve - a component of the hydraulic/lubrication system.
16. The volt/the watt - the basic unit of electrical pressure.
17. The micrometers - adjustable/fixedmeasuring instruments.
18. The JT8D engine - of the turbo-fan/-jettype.
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19. The starter - anexternal/an internalcomponent of the engine.
20. The cotter pins - safetying/fasteningdevices.
21. All hand pumps - ofthereciprocating-piston/the geartype.
22. The ailerons - movable/fixedsurfaces.
23. The helicopter rotor blades, and propellers - rotating/fixedairfoils.
24. A relay - magnetically operated electrical/mechanicalswitch
25. The source of the impact and static pressures - thepitot-static/pneumatic system
26. The VOR - a very high/low frequency omnidirectional radio.
LESSON 16: EL VERBO TO BE: (tiempo presente forma interrogativa)
1. Para hacer preguntas con el verbo to be, simplemente cambiamos de posicin el
sujeto y el verbo.
Asi: He is
Is he?
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FORMA INTERROGATIVA AFIRM. Singular Plural
1ra. Persona am I?
aare
We?
2da. Persona are You? You?
3ra. Persona Is
He?
She?
It?
They?
FORMA INTERROGATIVA NEGAT. Singular Plural
1ra. Persona am I not?
aarent
We?
2da. Persona arentYou? You?
3ra. Persona Isnt
He?She?
It?
They?
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RESPUESTAS CORTAS:
Ejemplos:
Is the rudder a flight control?
Yes, it is. (respuesta corta)
Yes, its a flight control. (respuesta completa)
Are rivets safetying devices?No, they arent - No, theyre not. (respuesta corta)
No, they arent safety devices. They are fastening devices.(respuesta
completa)
Cambie estas oraciones a la forma interrogativa, luego responda las preguntasafirmativamente o negativamente segn la pregunta. En ambos casos responda de
las dos formas; corta y completa.
Ejemplo:The JT8D is a turbo-fan type engine.
Is the JT8D a turbo-fan type engine?
Yes, it is. (short answer)
Yes, its a turbo-fan type engine. (long answer)
Fuses are resettable
Are fuses resettable?
No, theyre not / No, they arent. (short answer)
No, they arent resettable. They are detachable (long answer)
1. Integral fuel tanks are part of the aircraft structure.
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I am. Im not -----------
You are. Youre not You arent
He is. Hes not He isnt
She is. Shes not She isntIt is. Its not It isnt
You are. Youre not You arent
We are. Were not We arent
They are. Theyre not They arent
Yes No,
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2. The airspeed indicator is an engine instrument.
3. An alloy is a mixture of metals.
4. A fuel pressure gage is a differential pressure indicator.
5. Most turbine engine fuel pumps are of the gear type.
6. Omega is a very high frequency (VHF) radio.
7. The EPR is an engine condition instrument.
8. The helicopter s rotor blades are airfoils.
9. An overshoot is a short landing.
10. The pressure source for aircraft power brakes is the hydraulic system.
11. The diesel engine is a spark ignition engine.
12. Thrust is necessary for flight.
13. The marker beacon is a non-directional antenna.
14. The spars are the main longitudinal members of a wing.
15. The ampere is the basic unit of voltage.
16. The empennage is the tail section of the airplane.
17. A relay is a circuit breaker.
18. Fuses are protective devices.
19. Flaps are the primary flight controls.
20. A gas is a non-compressible fluid.
21. The ohm is the unit of measurement for capacitance
22. Protons are the positive charge.
23. The VOR station transmit antenna is a directional antena.
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LESSON 17: THERE IS - THERE ARE:
1. There is y there are son expresiones importantes. Estas corresponden lasexpresiones hay o existe(n) en el Espaol.
2. Usamos there is con todos los sustantivos de nmero singular y aquellos
considerados no contables i.e fuel, pressure, oil, current, fluid, air, oxygen, friction,
etc.
3. Usamos there are antes de los sustantivos en nmero plural
FORMA AFIRMATIVA:
FORMA NEGATIVA
Para la forma negativa colocamos noto no despues de is o are. Usamos notantes de
un artculo (a, an) o un numeral (one, two, three, etc.) o antes de las palabras much(mucho), many (muchos), any (ninguno, ningunos,), y enough (suficiente).
Much, se usa con there is.
Many, se usa con there are
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there
are
some borescope ports around the engine.
two types of flow compressors.
power pumps and hand pumps in the hydraulic system.
isair conditioning in the cabin.an instrument panel in the cockpit.
one mixing valve for each engine
There is
not
enough oil in the reservoir
atorque effect on the fuselage during autorotation
much pressure to the accumulator
anyairspeed correction.
There are
any quantity indicators in the fuel tank
enoughcockpit controls in light airplanesmany circuit breakers on the instrument panel.
There is no
T torque effect on the fuselage during autorotation
pressure to the accumulator
airspeed correction.
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LA FORMA INTERROGATIVA:
Respuestas Cortas:
Ejemplos:
1. Is there a green light on the right wing?
Yes, there is Is there a white light on the right wing?
No, there isnt..
2. Are there two types of metal aircraft fuselages?
Yes, there are.
3. Are there three types of flow fluid?
No, there arent
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Is
there
a green light on the right wing?.
a row of stationary blades between each row of rotating
blades?
a white light on the tail?
Are
several aids to help the pilot during the landing?
any external filler receptacles and caps for each tank?
waypoints along each route?
Afirmativa Negativa
Singular
Yes, there is No, there isnt
Plural Yes, there are No, there arent
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Cambie apropiadamente a la forma afirmativa o negativa (usando ambasformas: no o not) las siguientes oraciones
Ejemplo:
_______ a magnetic field around a conductor.
There is a magnetic field around a conductor
__________ static discharges mounted on the leading edge
There areno static dischargers mounted on the leading edge
There are not any static dischargers mounted on the leading edge
1. __________ three types of current.
2. __________ three types of resistive forces in an AC circuit.
3. __________ a red light on the tail section.
4. __________ a torsion bar in a basic rate gyro.
5. __________ a rudder on a horizontal stabilizer.
6. __________ four basic types of combustion sections used on aircraft s turbine
engines
7. __________ usually two igniters in an aircraft turbine engine.
9. __________ an attitude indicator in the sensing system of an autopilot.
10. __________ a DME antenna on the center line of the radome of an aircraft.
11. __________ three types of engine instruments.
12. __________ a series of waypoints along the aircrafts route.
13. __________ a set of hydraulic actuators in each autopilot.
14. __________ bracing or struts on a cantilever wing.
15. __________ fuel quantitity indicators on the fuel tank
16. __________ two static ports on each pitot-static system
18. __________ a main gear visual dowlock indicator on top of each wing of large
airplanes.
19. __________ spark plugs in a diesel engine.
20. __________ three primary flight controls on a plane.
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21. __________ two identical altimeters installed in the DC-8.
22. __________ three basic elements in the gas turbine section centrifugal-flow
compressor.
23. __________ three basic types of circuit breakers used in aircraft electrical
systems.
24. __________ de-icer boots on the trailing edge of the engine.
25. __________ too much friction in the support bearings.
Complete la forma interrogativa y responda afirmativamente o negativamente.Si es negativa, confirme su respuesta en la forma afirmativa.
Ejemplos:
________ fuel nozzles in the combustion chamber?
Are there fuel nozzles in the combustion chamber?
Yes, there are. There are fuel nozzles in the combustion chamber.
________ a fuel quantity indicator on the fuel tank?
Is there a fuel quantity indicator on the fuel tank?
No, there isnt. There is a fuel indicator on the instrument panel.
1. __________ one heading output synchro in the directional gyro.
2. __________ three basic elements in the gas turbine section centrifugal-
flow compressor
3. __________ two basic elements in the gas turbine section axial-flow
compressor
4. __________ two types of centrifugal compressors used in turbojet
engines.
5. __________ two types of pumps in the hydraulic system.
6. __________ three stabilizers on the tail section.
7. __________ two flaps on each wing.
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8. __________ a single DME control switch on the VHF NAV control panel
9. __________ two calendar inspections.
10. __________ wheel brake units in the nosewheel.
11. __________ mechanical lock between the nut and the bolt.
12. __________ a little friction in the support bearings.
13. __________ a spring in a basic rate gyro.
14. __________ a set of hydraulic actuators on each autopilot.
15. __________ three openings in a pump.
16. __________ 746 watts in one horsepower.
17. __________ a single system servoactuator in the cyclic and collective
controls.
18. __________ two types of combustin chambers.
19. __________ two basic types of DC motors.
20. __________ igniters in an aircrafts engine.
LESSON 18: VERBO TO HAVE: (tiempo presente forma afirmativa):
1. El verbo to have (habero tener) junto con los pronombres personales tiene estas
formas en el tiempo presente, forma afirmativa:
NOTA: La forma negativa e interrogativa sera estudiada dentro de la leccin 19,
(Tiempo Presente Simple)
Ejemplos:
All magnets have a magnetic field.
Todos los magnetos tienen un campo magntico.
A DC generatorhas a commutator.
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FORMA AFIRMATIVA Singular Plural
1ra. Persona I
have
We
have2da. Persona You You
3ra. Persona
He
She
It
has They
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Un generador DC tiene un conmutador.
Complete la forma correcta del verbo to have y traduzca cada oracin.
1. Series field coils ................ a very low resistance.
2. Autopilots always ............ a crosswind correction capability.
3. The vertical gyro ................ a gravity operated erection system.
4. The horizon indicator ............ two servo-motor systems.
5. Each transformer ......... a primary and a secondary coil.
6. Pumps ......... two openings.
7. Gasoline ........... a nominal weight of 6 pounds per gallon.
8. Many high-wing light airplanes ............ external braces or wing struts.
9. The cyclic and collective controls ........... dual system servo-actuators.
10. Some aircrafts engine fuel pumps .............. a built-in relief valve.
11. Helicopters ........ a dual tachometer.
12. Thermocouples ............ a specific resistance.
13. The empennage .............. two stabilizers.
14. An airfoil ........... a leading edge, a camber, a chord line and a leading edge.
15. The constant displacement engine driven gear type hydraulic pumps ............ a
control panel.
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LESSON 19: LA FORMA IMPERATIVA
1. La forma imperativa, como su nombre lo indica, se utiliza para dar ordenes e
instrucciones al realizar un determinado trabajo. La orden se da a la segunda
persona you (singular o plural).El pronombre you se sobreentiende y no se escribe.
2. Para la forma afirmativa se pone primero el verbo en la forma simple seguido
de una o mas frases si es necesario.
Ejemplo:
Checkantennas for missing antenna insulators.
Inspect the condition and security of equipment.
Rinse thoroughly.
Algunas veces pueden ir antecedidas de otras palabras como adverbios.
Ejemplo:Never add water to acid.
Always add acid to water.
3. Para la forma negativa, anteponemos DO NOT (forma escrita) o DONT (forma
hablada)
Ejemplo:
DO NOT make indentations on a curved surface.
DO NOT attemp hand polishing.
Nota: Cuando existen dos negaciones en una orden u oracin, se puede escribir la
primera negacin con not y la segunda negacin con or.Ejemplo:
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Do not walk or step on the flaps.
No camine ni pese sobre los flaps
Traducir cada orden o instruccin.
1. Wipe the exposed portion of the landing gear shock strut piston.
2. Apply a protective coating to all parts of wheels and brake assemblies.
3. Inspect battery compartment for electrolyte spillage.
4. Remove all excess sealant after fasteners are installed.
5. Inspect circuit breakers, contact points and switches for evidence of
moisture and corrosive attack.
6. Mix all chemicals per the manufacturer s instructions.
7. Connect a static ground line from the aircraft to a grounding point.
8. Dry and clean parts of grease, oil, or dirt.
9. Determine extent of corrosion damage.
10. Positively identify the metal as aluminum.
11. Clean reworked area using dry cleaning solvent.
12. Calibrate the torque wrench at least once a year.
13. Be sure the bolt and nut threads are clean and dry.
14. Accomplish the swaging operations in accordance with (IAW) the
instructions furnished by the manufacturer of the swaging equipment.
15. Never solder cable ends to prevent fraying.
16. Replace control cables when they are distorted, worn, or corroded.
17. Carefully adjust control cable tension.
18. Visually inspect engine case exterior for signs of oil leaks and cracks.
19. Ensure that parts are airworthy.
20. Perform an engine run-up after installing a new set of spark plugs.
21. Inspect and Repair As Necessary (IRAN)
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22. Make sure that the lines run freely.
23. Inspect, repair and overhaul engine driven pumps.
Cambiar las siguientes ordenes afirmativas a la forma negativa y traducir cadauna de ellas.1. eat or keep food in poisonous areas.
2. use harmful cleaning, polishing, brightening, or paint-removing materials.
3. use kerosene or any other petroleum base fuel as a cleaning solvent.
4. use this method for parts containing copper inserts
5. use rotary wire brushes on magnesium.
6. use aluminum bolts or nut in appliations requiring frequent removal for
inspection or maintenance.
7. reuse cotter pins or safety wire.
8. use lock washers where frequent removal is required.
9. loosen or tighten properly tightened nuts to align safety wire.
10. reverse wire locking clips.
11. run up engines on the ground for long periods of time with the cowling off.
12. weld or solder metal fuel tanks.
13. use oxygen to inflate tires.
14. expose fluids to high temperatures or open flames.
15. use tape, tie straps, or cord for primary support.
16. bend coaxial cable sharply
LESSON 20: EL TIEMPO PRESENTE SIMPLE: (FORMAAFIRMATIVA)
El Tiempo Presente simple se utiliza para expresar:
1. Acciones regulares o habituales:
Ejemplo: Pilots use a checklist during the pre-flight inspection.
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Los pilotos usan una lista de chequeo durante la inspeccinde pre.vuelo.
2. Una verdad general:Ejemplo:
Friction produces static electricity.La friccin produce electricidad esttica
3. Observaciones y hechos reales:Ejemplo:
Each Omega station transmits 3 basic frequencies: 10.2,11.3, and 13.6 Khz.Cada estacin Omega transmite 3 frecuencias bsicas:10.2, 11.3, and 13.6 Khz.
4. Describir experimentos o procesos regulares.
Ejemplo:Air enters the engine through a divergent inlet duct, thenpasses to a compressor.El aire entra al motor a travs de un conducto de entradadivergente, luego pasa a un compresor.
FORMA DEL PRESENTE SIMPLE (Regla Principal)
It they
He repair + S we repairShe you
Para los verbos en tercera persona singular (forma It, He, She), excepto tohave, se aade S a la forma simple del verbo, pero para ciertos verbos esnecesario la aplicacin de otras reglas de formacin, aparte de la reglaprincipal.
1. Los verbos que terminan en ss, sh, ch,x, y o, aaden -es a la forma simple.
They cross it crosses They finish she finishes
They attach he attaches They mix it mixes They go it goes
2. Los verbos que terminan en -ydespus de una consonante, cambian ya iyse agrega -es.
They fly it flies They supply it supplies
Escriba la tercera persona singular de los siguientes verbos y traduzca
cada uno de ellos:
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1. withstand ___________________
_________________
2. reach ___________________
_________________
3. apply ___________________
_________________
4. employ ___________________
_________________
5. increase ___________________
_________________
6. drive ___________________ _________________
7. taxi ___________________
_________________
8. furnish ___________________
_________________
9. fix ___________________
_________________
10. inspect___________________ _________________
11.stay ___________________
_________________
12.do ___________________
_________________
13.push ___________________ _________________
14.watch ___________________ _________________
15.qualify ___________________ _________________
16.quench___________________ _________________
17.assemble ___________________
_________________
18.spray ___________________ _________________
19.carry ___________________ _________________
20.modify ___________________ _________________
21.brush ___________________ _________________
22.collide ___________________ _________________23.convey___________________ _________________
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24.allow ___________________ _________________
25.approach ___________________
_________________
26. turn ___________________ __________
______
27.cause ___________________ _________________
Escriba en el espacio en blanco la forma correcta del verbo queaparece en parntesis. Asimismo haga la traduccin respectiva.
1. The hot section ____________ the combustor and exhaust section.
(include)
2. The turbine ____________ the compressor. (drive)
3. Wings ____________ the weight of the plane during flight.
(support)
4. Static dischargers ____________ eliminate radio interference.
(help)
5. Series field coils ____________ a very low resistance. (have)
6. Reciprocating engines ____________ pistons. (have)
7. A generator ____________ static electricity. (produce)
8. The pilot ____________ the aircraft to the runway for take-off.
(taxi)
9. A voltage regulator ____________ the generator ouput. (control)
10. The INS navigation unit ____________ a gyro gimbal assembly.
(contain)
11. The airspeed indicator ____________ impact and static pressure.
(use)
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12.A battery ____________ direct current. (supply)
13. Fuses and circuit breakers ____________ circuits from overvoltage.
(protect)
14. An amplifier ____________ the input signal. (amplify)
15. The tail rotor ____________ torque of the main rotor. (counteract)
16.Pneumatic systems ____________ relief valves. (utilize)
17. The computer ____________ all computations required for navigation.
(perform)
18. The detected audio ____________ to an audio control panel in the
cockpit. (go)
19. The CDU (control display unit) ____________ a CRT (cathode-ray
tube). (house)
20.Altimeters ____________ altitude information. (provide)
21. The computers ____________ the VHF navigation frequencies for
each side. (tune)
22. Hot starts ____________ the metal of the engine. (weaken)
23. The compass card ____________ during speed changes. (tilt)
24. The ADF indicator ____________ the necessary navigational
information. (give)
25.Engines ____________ thrust. (provide)
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26. The hot gases ____________ and ____________ the turbine.
(expand, drive)
27. The fuel control unit ____________ the fuel flow to the engine.
(regulate)
28. The static and pitot static system ____________ static and pitot
pressures. (supply)
29. VOR stations ____________ an infinite number of radials. (broadcast)
30. Flaps ____________ the camber of an airfoil. (increase)
LESSON 21: FORMA NEGATIVA:
Para la forma negativa usamos los verbos auxuliares do y does, antes denot. Estos verbos auxiliares no tienen significado, simplemente indican unaoracin negativa.
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Singular Plural
1ra. PersonaI I do notwork
We
do not
work2da. Persona
You You
3ra. PersonaHeShe
Itdoes not They
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Tambin se pueden usar las formas cortas negativas do not= dont y doesnot= doesnt.
Usamos not si despues del verbo principal hay un artculo (a, an) o unnumeral (one, two, three, etc.) o antes de las palabras much (mucho), many(muchos), any(ninguno, ningunos,), y enough (suficiente).
El uso del adjetivo no, antes de un sustantivo y despus de algunos verbos,sin do o does, es posible siempre que respeten las reglas de tercera persona
singularEjemplo:
Jet engines use no pistons.Los motores a reaccin no usan pistones.
The yaw damper causes no motion of the rudder pedals.El amortiguador de guiada no causa movimiento de los pedales del
timn de direccin.
Forme oraciones con las palabras que aparecen en el ejercicio. Elija unsustantivo correcto (en letra cursiva) para la forma negativa y el otro para laforma afirmativa.
Ejemplo:
An inverter/ a rectifierchanges alternating current into directcurrent
An inverter does not change alternating current into direct current.
A rectifier changes alternating current to direct current.
1. Alean / a rich mixture burns slowly
2. Friction produces static/ kineticelectricity.
3. Alean / a rich mixture burns slowly.
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4. Actuation of the directional system changes the pitch of the tail/main rotor
blades.
5. Pneumatic systems utilize relief valves / return lines.
6. Radio beacons tell the pilot the distance / altitude from the runway.
7. A hydraulic motor converts fluid into rotary/ linearmotion.
8. Cabinpressurization / air conditioningputs the structure of an aircraft
fuselage under stress.
9. Cantilever/ semicantileverwings use external braces or wing struts.
10. The magnetic compass points to magnetic/ true north.
11.An alternator/ a batteryproduces direct current.
12. The centrifugal flow compressor employs an impeller and a difusser/ stator
and a rotor.
13. The hot gases / the compressors drive the turbine.
14. A VOR station broadcasts radials in 180/ 360
15. The stator blades direct the airflow to each of the diffuser/ rotorblades.
16. Spoilers / flaps increase the camber of an airfoil.
17. We tighten or loosen bolts and nuts withpliers / wrenches
18. The circular/ linearmotion of the crankshaft drives the propeller.
19. A shut-off/ checkvalve allows a free flow in one direction only.
20. The flight/ engine instruments operate from the Pitot Static System
21. The scavenge / boosterpump supplies fuel under pressure.
22. Delta wings give less thrust/ drag.
23. The oil/ compression rings seal against compression leakage.
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LESSON 22: FORMA INTERROGATIVA:
Para la forma interrogativa, anteponemos los auxiliares do y does a los pronombres
personales o sujetos, con el verbo en la forma simple.
Respuestas Cortas:
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Do
I
You
We
Theywork
with you on the prop shop?
in the Peruvian Air Force?
like flight line mechanics?
at SEMAN Repair Station
Does
He
She
It
..in the cockpit?
like a flight attendant?
well with the new systems?
Afirmativa Negativa
I
You
Yes, We do.
They
He
Yes, She does.
It
I
You
No, We dont.
They
He
No, She doesnt.
It
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Ejemplos:
1. Do static dischargers help eliminate radio interference?Yes, they do. (respuesta corta)
Yes, they help eliminate radio interference. (respuesta larga)
2. Do inlet guide vanes change the pressure of the incoming air?
No, they dont.
No, they dont change the pressure of the incoming air.
3. Does a turbojet engine have a mixture control?
No, it doesnt. (respuesta corta)
No, It doesnt have a mixture control.
Cambie estas oraciones a la forma interrogativa, luego responda las preguntasafirmativamente o negativamente segn la pregunta. En ambos casos responda de
las dos formas; corta y larga. Confirme, si es necesario, con una respuesta
afirmativa cuando su respuesta es negativa.
Ejemplo:
The angle of incidence changes in flight.
Does the angle of incidence change in flight?
No, it doesnt.
No, it doesnt change in flight.
The oil pressure pump feeds oil to the system.
Does the oil pressure pump feed oil to the system?
Yes, it does.
Yes, it feeds oil to the system.
1. The wings provide the lifting force.
2. The fuselage supports the weight of the plane during flight.
3. The ignition system of a jet engine functions only during the starting operations.
4. Hot starts strengthen the metal of the engine.
5. Helicopters need a runway for take-off and landing.
6. The fuel/air mixture enters the cylinders through the intake valve ports.
7. Wing flaps increase the lift for take-off and landing.
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8. The autopilot receives navigational data from the magnetic compass.
9. The helicopter gets lift and thrust from the tail rotor blades.
10. The airspeed indicator measures the difference between impact and static pressure.
11. Ice on the wings increases drag.
12. Supersonic aircraft have an inlet duct with a convergent divergent shape.
13. The turbine of the turbojet engine increases the pressure of the incoming air.
14. The compressor drives the turbine.
15. The hot gases expand and drive the piston up and down.
16. The crankshsft transmits the force of combustion to the piston.
17. The connecting rod forms a link between the piston and the crankshaft.
18. The oil cooler protects the engine fuel system from ice formation.
19. Temperature affects the viscosity of the oil.
20. The alternator supplies DC current.
21. The axial flow compressor uses a rotor and a stator.
22. Fuel crossfeed systems maintain the aircrafts stability.
LESSON 23: EL TIEMPO PRESENTE PROGRESIVO:
El tiempo Presente Progresivo se utiliza para expresar:
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1. Una actividad que est en progreso ahora mismo. La accin empez en el pasado,
est desarrollndose en este momento y probablemente continuar en el futuro. La
accin no est terminada.
Ejemplo: A defective valve is dumping the cabin pressure.
Una vlvula defectuosa est descargando la presin de lacabina de pax.
2. Para expresar una accin temporal.
Ejemplo: The mechanics are performing the checks C and D on the
DC-8.
Los mecnicos estn realizando los chequeos C y D en el
DC-8
3. Para expresar acontecimientos futuros.
Ejemplo: The plane is arriving for an IRAN inspection next month.
El avin est llegando por una inspeccin IRAN el prximomes.
REGLAS DE FORMACION
1. El Tiempo Presente Progresivo de los verbos se forma agregando -inga la forma
simple del verbo.
Forma Simple + -ing Verbo Progresivo Significado
inspect -ing inspecting inspeccionando
repair -ing repair ing reparando
2. Cuando el verbo termina en la vocal -e, sta se elimina y se agrega -ing.
Forma Simple + -ing Verbo Progresivo Significado
drive -ing driving accionando
remove -ing removing retirando
3. Cuando el verbo tiene una sola slaba y termina en consonante - vocal -
consonante, se duplica la ltima consonante antes de agragar-ing
Forma Simple + Consonate final + -ing Verbo Progresivo Significado
stop p + -ing stopping deteniendorun n + -ing running corriendo
4. Cuando el verbo tiene ms de una slaba, tiene su mayorfuerza de voz en la
ltima slaba y termina en consonante - vocal - consonante, se duplica la ltima
consonante antes de agregar -ing
Forma Simple + Consonate final + - ing Verbo Progresivo Significado
Transmt t ing transmitting transmitiendo
Control + l ing controlling controlando
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Escriba la forma -ingde los siguientes verbos y escriba el significado de cadauno de ellos:
1. cause _____________________ _____________________
2. plan _____________________
_____________________
3. rotate _____________________ _____________________
4. employ _____________________
_____________________
5. affect _____________________ _____________________
6. house _____________________ _____________________
7. taxi _____________________
_____________________
8. assemble _____________________
_____________________
9. fix _____________________
_____________________
10. give _____________________
_____________________
11. supply _____________________ _____________________
12. set _____________________
_____________________
13. lose _____________________
_____________________
14. write _____________________ _____________________
15. shut-down __________________________________________
16. fly _____________________
_____________________
17. get _____________________
_____________________
18. admit _____________________ _____________________
19. hold _____________________
_____________________
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20. impinge _____________________ _____________________
21. refer _____________________
_____________________
22. cut _____________________
____________________
23. forget _____________________ _____________________
24. convey _____________________ _____________________
25. spin _____________________
_____________________
26. permit _____________________ _____________________
27. heat _____________________
_____________________
28. slip _____________________
_____________________
29. equip _____________________ _____________________
30. isolate _____________________ _____________________
FORMAS CON EL TIEMPO PRESENTE PROGRESIVO:
El Tiempo Presente Progresivo se forma con el verbo to be (am, is o are), ms el
verbo principal con la terminacin -ing. Tiene las siguientes formas:
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FORMA AFIRMATIVA Singular Plural
1ra. Persona I am
working
We
are working2da. Persona You are You
3ra. Persona
He
She
It
Is They
FORMA NEGATIVA Singular Plural1ra. Persona I am
not workin
g
We
are
not
workin
g
2da. Persona You are You
3ra. Persona
He
She
It
Is They
FORMA INTERROGATIVA Singular Plural
1ra. Persona am I
working .......?
are
We
You
They
working ....?
2da. Persona are You
3ra. Persona
Is
He
She
It
I am.
Respuestas cortas
Im not -----------
You are. Youre not You arentHe is. Hes not He isnt
She is. Shes not She isnt
It is. Its not It isnt
You are. Youre not You arent
We are. Were not We arent
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Yes,No,
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Completar la forma del presente progresivo y traducir cada oracin. Luego cambiar cada oracin a la
forma interrogativa y negativa respectivanente.
1. The current _________________ through the conductor. (flow)
2. Current flow ___________________. (decrease)
3. A warning light ___________________ on the circuit breaker panel. (illuminate)
4. The generators ___________________ in parallel. (operate)
5. The truck ___________________ the plane. (tow)
6. The pilot ___________________ the aircraft to the runway for take-off. (taxi)
7. The airplane ___________________ the desired altitude. (approach)
8. The autopilot ___________________ the airplane. (control)
9. The control synchro rotor ________________ to move toward the wings level position. (begin)
10. The airplane ___________________ to the right. (skid off))
11. The engine ___________________ the correct static RPM and manifold pressure. (develop)
12. The fuel,pressure _____________ and _____________ the upper limits. (fluctuate, exceed)
13. The crystals ___________________ the fuel filter. (restrict)
14. The accumulator ___________________ the pressure on the system. (hold)
15. The ice on the wings ___________________ drag. (increase)
16. The dampers ___________________ excessive damping to the stabilizer bar. (give)
17. The helicopter ___________________. (hover)
18. We ___________________ the tail rotor and hub assembly. (remove)
19. We __________________ altitude due to ice formation on the wings. (lose)
20. The turbulent air ___________________ the flight performance. (affect)
21. The pressure relief valve ___________________ the pressure at the right level. (keep)
22. The carburetor air tempeerature gauges ___________________ (fluctuate)
23. The mechanic ___________________ a report to the quality inspector. (write)
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24. We ___________________ an auxiliary pump in the system tomorrow. (put)
25. A defective valve ___________________ the low compression. (cause).
26. The compressor ___________________ the pressure of the incoming air. (increase)
27. The dirty static ports ___________________ false speed indications. (send)
28. The low frequency receiver ___________________ (work)
29. The mechanics ___________________ the leading edge for general condition. (check).
30. The truck _______________ the plane to the workshop for discrepancies in the autopilot.
turn).