Post on 17-Nov-2014
description
Gerunds and InfinitivesPart 1
Chapter 14
Introduction to GerundsUsing gerunds as the objects of prepositionsCommon preposition combinations followed by
gerunds.Common verbs followed by gerundsGo + gerundSpecial expressions followed by –ingCommon verbs followed by infinitivesCommon verbs followed by either infinitives or
gerundsReference list of verbs followed by infinitivesIt + infinitive; gerunds and infinitives as subjects
Content
Gerund Is the –ing form of a verb used as a noun It is used in the same ways as a noun, as a subject or as
an objectPlaying tennis is fun. (What is the subject? What is the
main verb?)We enjoy playing tennis. (What is the subject? Object?
Main verb?)He’s excited about playing tennis. (What is the
preposition? Object of the preposition?)Compare
Walking is good exerciseBob and Ann are walking.
Gerunds: IntroductionBox 14-1 (page 297)
A gerund is frequently used as the object of a preposition.We talked about going to Canada for our
vacation.Sue is in charge of organizing the meeting.I’m interested in learning more about your
work.I’m used to sleeping with the window open.I look forward to going home next month.We talked about not going to the meeting, but
finally decided we should go.**notice- the not precedes the gerund.
Using gerunds as the object of prepositions Box 14-2 (page 298)
Complete these sentences with an appropriate preposition and verb form.You are capable _______ (do) _________ better work.I have no excuse _______ (be) _________ late.I’m accustomed ________ (have) __________ a big
breakfast.The rain prevented us ______ (complete) _________
the work.Thank you ______ (help) ________ me carrying my
suitcases.I apologized to Yoko _____ (make) ______ her wait
for me.
Practice (Ex. 1, page 298)
Be excited About doing it
Be worried
Complain About/of doing it
Dream
Talk
Think
Apologize For doing it
Blame (someone)
Forgive (someone)
Have an excuse
Have a reason
Be responsible
Thank (someone)
Common Preposition Combinations followed by Gerunds Box 14-3 (page 299)
Keep (someone) From doing it
Prevent (someone)
Prohibit (someone)
Stop (someone)
Believe In doing it
Be interested
Participate
Succeed
Insist On doing it
Common Preposition Combinations followed by Gerunds Box 14-3 (page 299)
Be accused Of doing it
Be capable
For the purpose
Be guilty
Instead
Take advantage
Take care
Be tired
Be accustomed To doing it
In addition
Be committed
Be devoted
Look forward
Object
Be opposed
Be used
HomeworkExercise 2 (page 300)
Exercise 4 (page 301)
Just write the answers on your paper to turn in
Gerunds are used as the objects of certain verbs. I enjoy playing tennis.
Enjoy is followed by the a gerund (playing). Enjoy is not followed by an infinitive.
Incorrect: I enjoy to play tennis. Phrasal verbs:
Joe quit smoking Joe gave up smoking Both sentences mean the same. Some phrasal verbs (like give up) are
followed by gerunds. Other Verbs + Gerunds
14-4 Common Verbs Followed by Gerunds (page 302)
Enjoy Quit (give up)
Avoid Consider Appreciate
Finish (get through)
Postpone (put off)
Discuss Mind Stop Delay Mention
Keep (keep on)
suggest Give up Get through
Put off Keep on
Create a sentence from the given words:Enjoy + watching TVMind + Open the windowQuit + Eat dessertsGive up + Eat dessertsKeep + workKeep on + workThink about + get a jobAvoid +answer my question
Practice
Go is followed by a gerund in certain idiomatic expressions to express, for the most part, recreational activities.
Did you go shopping?We went fishing yesterday.
14-5 Go + Gerund (page 303)
Go birdwatching
Go fishing Go sailing Go skinnydipping
Go boating Go hiking
Go shopping Go sledding Go bowling Go hunting Go sightseeing
Go snorkeling
Go camping Go jogging Go skating Go swimming
Go canoeing Go mountain climbing
Go skateboarding
Go dancing Go running Go skiing Go window shopping
Go kayaking
Create sentences from the given words.Finish + studyGo + danceKeep + workGo + bowlThink about + wearEnjoy + playTalk about + go+ swimStop + fightAvoid + go + shop
Practice
-ing forms follow certain special expressions Have fun/a good time + -ing
We had fun playing volleyball We had a good time playing volleyball
Have trouble/difficulty + -ing I had trouble finding his house. I had difficulty finding his house.
Have a hard time/difficult time + -ing I had a had time finding his house. I had a difficult time finding his house.
Spend + expressions of time or money + -ing Sam spends most of his time studying.
Waste + expressions of time or money + -ing I waste a lot of time watching TV.
Sit + expression of place + -ing She sat at her desk writing a letter
Stand + expression of place + -ing I stood there wondering what to do next.
Lie + expression of place + -ing He is lying in bed reading a novel.
Find + (pro)noun + -ing When I walked into my office, I found George using my telephone.
Catch + (pro)noun + -ing When I walked into my office, I caught a thief looking through my desk drawers.
14-6 Special Expressions Followed by –ing (page 304)
Create sentences from the given verb combinationsHave trouble + rememberStand (place) + waitHave a hard time + learnSit (place) + thinkHave a good time + playLie (place) + dreamHave difficulty + pronounceHave fun + sing and danceFind (someone) + studySpend (time) + chatWaste (money) + tryCatch (someone + take
Practice
HomeworkExercise 6 (page 303) write just the answers on your paper
Exercise 7 (page 304) this will count for a quiz grade
Exercise 9 (page 305) write just the answers on your paper
Used gerunds as objects of prepositionsBox 14-3 gave us common preposition
combinations followed by gerunds.Box 14-4 gave us common verbs followed by
gerundsGo + gerundSpecial expressions followed by -ing
Gerund Review
InfinitiveTo + the simple form of a verb
To see, to be, to go
Verb + Infinitive I hope to see you again soon.He promised to be here by ten.
Some verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive
Verb + (pro)noun + infinitiveMr. Lee told me to be here at ten o’clock.The policed ordered the driver to stop.
Some verbs are followed by a (pro)noun and then an infinitive. I was told to be here at ten o’clock
These verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive when they are used in the passive.
Common Verbs followed by Infinitives (box 14-7, page 307)
Hope to (do something)
Promise to Seem to Expect to
Plan to Agree to Appear to Would like to
Intend to Offer to Pretend to Want to
Decide to Refuse to Ask to Need to
Group A: Verb + Infinitive
Gerunds and Infinitives part 2
Chapter 15
Helen borrowed my dictionary for to look up the spelling of “occurred.”Helen borrowed my dictionary to look up the
spelling of “occurred.”The teacher opened the window for letting some
fresh air in the room.The teacher opened the window to let some fresh
air in the room.I came to this school for learn English.
I cam to this school to learn English.I traveled to Japan for to visit my sister.
I traveled to Japan to visit my sister.
Review- Correct the Errors
In order to is used to express purpose. It answers the question “Why?”.He came here in order to study English.
In order is often omitted.He came here to study English
To express purpose, use (in order) to, not for, with a verb. Incorrect: He came here for studying English. Incorrect: He came here for to study English. Incorrect: He came here for study English.
For can be used to express purpose, but it is a preposition and is followed by a noun object.I went to the store for some food.I went to the store to buy some bread.
15-1 Infinitive of Purpose: In order to
Tom went to Chicago for…..Tom went to Chicago for some pizza.
I went to the market for….I went to the market for some fresh vegetables.
Mary went to the market to…Mary went to the market to buy some fresh
fruit.I went to the doctor to…
I went to the doctor to have a check-up.
Practice-Make up completions
We were sorry to hear the bad news.I was surprised to see Tim at the meeting.
Certain adjectives can be immediately followed by infinitives.
In general, these adjectives describe a person (or persons), not a thing.
Many of these adjectives describe a person’s feelings or attitudes.
15-2 Adjectives Followed by Infintives
I’ve worked hard all day long. Enough’s enough! I’m…..I’m determined to relax for the rest of the day.
Some children grow up in unhappy homes. My family, however, has always been loving and support. I’m….I’m fortunate to have a good family.
Ivan’s run out of money again, but he doesn’t want anyone to know his situation. He needs money desperately, but he’s….He needs money desperately, but he’s reluctant
to ask.
Practice- Complete the sentences using the expressions listed in chart 15-2 and your own words
Compare:The box is too heavy for Bob to lift.The box is very heavy, but Bob can lift it.In the speaker’s mind, the use of too implies a
negative result.Too heavy = it is impossible for Bob to lift that box.Very heavy = It is possible, but difficult for bob to lift
that box.
Enough follows an adjectiveI am strong enough to lift that box. I can lift it.
Usually enough precedes a nounI have enough strength to lift that box.
15-3 Using Infinitives with TOO and ENOUGH
My friend’s daughter is 18 months old. Is she too young or very young?
What is a child too young to do, but an adult old enough to do?
Is it very difficult or too difficult to learn English?
What did you have enough time to do before class today?
Practice - Discussion Questions
Sue TeamWrite sentences using the following adjectives
followed by infinitives.
Team Good CakeWrite sentences using the following adjectives
followed by infinitives.
Quiz
Glad to (do it) Sorry to Ready to
Careful to Surprised to Happy to
Sad to Prepared to hesitant to
Delighted to Relieved to Lucky to
Ashamed to Determined to
Certain to
Shocked to Afraid to Willing to
HomeworkEx. 3, page 327
Ex. 4, page 328
Ex. 7, page 330
Past Infinitive: to have + past participleThe rain seems to have stopped.The event expressed by a past infinitive or past gerund
happened before the time of the main verb.Past Gerund: having + past participle
I appreciate having had the opportunity to meet then king.Passive Infinitive: to be + past participle
I didn’t expect to be invited to his party.Passive Gerund: being + past participlePast-Passive Infinitive: to have been + past participle
Nadia is fortunate to have been given a scholarship.Past-Passive Gerund: having been + past participle
I appreciate having been told the news.
15-4 Passive and Past Forms of Infinitives and Gerunds
I don’t enjoy (tease) __________ by other people. I don’t enjoy being teased by other people
I’m angry at him for (give, not) __________ me my paycheck. I’m angry at him for not giving me my paycheck. I’m angry at home for not having given me my paycheck.
I expected (invite) __________ to the party, but I wasn’t. I expected to be invited to the party, but I wasn’t.
Your compositions are supposed (write) __________ in ink.Your compositions are supposed to been written in ink.
Jack Welles has a good chance of (elect)_____________. I know I’m going to vote for him. Jack Welles has a good chance of being elected. I know I’m
going to vote for him.
Practice- Supply an appropriate form for each verb (passive and past forms)
I need to borrow some money.Usually an infinitive follows need.
The house needs painting.The house needs to be painted.
In certain circumstances, a gerund may follow need. In this case, the gerund carries a passive meaning.
Usually the situations involve fixing or improving something.
15-5 Using Gerunds or Passive Infinitives Following Need
The baby’s diaper is wet. It needs (change) ________.To be changed, changing.
What a mess! This room needs (clean) ___________ up. We need (clean) ___________ it up before the company arrives.To be cleaned, cleaningTo clean
My shirt is wrinkled. It needs (iron) _________.To be ironed, ironing.
Practice
Formal EnglishWe came to class late. Mr. Lee complained about that
fact.Mr. Lee complained about our coming to class late.
A possessive adjective (our) is used to modify a gerund.Mary came to class late. Mr. Lee complained about that
fact.Mr. Lee complained about Mary’s coming to class late.
A possessive noun (Mary’s) is used.
Informal EnglishMr. Lee complained about us coming to class late.
The object form of a pronoun (us) is used.Mr. Lee complained about Mary coming to class late.
The possessive form is often not used.
15-6 Using a Possessive to Modify a Gerund
You took the time to help us. We greatly appreciate that.We greatly appreciate your/you taking the time
to help us.We talked about him behind his back. The boy
resented that fact.The boy resented our/us talking about him
behind his back.
Practice- Combine with a gerund phrase
HomeworkEx 9, page 332
Ex 10, page 333
Ex 12, page 334