Nolan Rinderknecht

Mrs. Linares

Spanish 3

1st Period

Grammar Book

PresentStem ChangersIrregular “Yo”Saber vs. ConocerReflexives“Se” ImpersonalDipthongsVerbs like -uir/-guir –ger/-gir, -cer/-cirImperfectoHace ____ + que + _____Preterite-Regular Conjugation

Car, Gar, ZarSpockCucarachaSnake/Snakey

ComparativesSuperlativesFuture Tense

1st Semester Table of Contents

Subject Pronouns

Yo Nosotros, Nosotras

Tú Vosotros, Vosotras

Él, Ella, Usted Ellos, Ellas, Ustedes

PresentRegular Verbs (-er)

-o -emos

-es -éis

-e -en

Regular Verbs (-ir)

-o -imos

-es -ís

-e -en

Regular Verbs (-ar)

-o -amos

-as -áis

-a -an

Some stem changers include (e-ie) (o-ue) (e-i).

The stem changes only happen in the boot forms: yo, tú, él, and ellos.

Stem Changers

Some irregular “yo”s are: –go verbs, (g-j) (c-zc) (ver-veo) (saber-sé).

These transformations only happen in the yo form.

Irregular "Yo"

Saber vs. ConocerSaber means to

know a fact or to know how to do something. It is often followed by an infinitive or a subordinate clause.

Conocer means to know someone or to be familiar with someone, something, or somewhere. It can only be followed by the a direct object, never by an infinitive or a subordinate clause. Remember that if the direct object is a person, the preposition a must be used.

Reflexive Pronouns

Me Nos

Te Os

Se se

ReflexivesReflexive Verbs are verbs that require a reflexive pronoun when used. They can be identified by the –se suffix appended to the infinitive.

Impersonal expressions are used when the subject of a verb is unspecified (but is human). They are mostly used to make general statements and to express rules.

To form the impersonal se, verbs are always 3rd person singular and are commonly followed by a direct object.

"Se" Impersonal

1. For verbs that end in -cer and -cir, change the c to zc for the yo form.

2. For verbs that end in -ger and -gir, change the g to j for the yo form

3. For verbs that end in -guir, change the gu to g for the yo form

Verbs like -uir/-guir –ger/-gir, -cer/-cir

-ar

-aba -ábamos

-abas

-aba -aban

Imperfecto

-er

-ía -íamos

-ías

-ía -ían

-ir

-ía -íamos

-ías

-ía -ían

Ver

Veía Veíamos

Veías

Veía Veían

Ser

Era Éramos

Eras

Era eran

Ir

Iba Íbamos

Ibas

Iba Iban

Imperfect tense is used to express a past event that was ongoing for an intermediate length of time.

Hace + time + que + present tense form of the verb

Ex: Hace diez que corro.

Hace + _____ + que + _______

-ar

-é -amos

-aste

-ó -aron

Preterit-Regular Conjugation

-er

-í -imos

-iste

-ió -ieron

-ir

-í -imos

-iste

-ió -ieron

Preterit tense is used to express a totally completed past action, a past determinate action, or an action that lased for a specific length of time.

-car -> -qué-gar -> -gué-zar -> -cé

Preterite-Car, Gar, Zar

Hacer: hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieronIr/ser: fui, fuiste, fue, fuemos, fueieronDar: di, diste, dio, dimos, dieronVar: vi, viste, vio, vimos, vieron

Preterite-Spock

Yo tú él, ella, usted nosotros

ellos, ellas, ustedes

Andar anduve anduviste anduvo anduvimos

anduvieron

Conducir conduje condujiste condujo condujimos

condujeron

Decir dije dijiste dijo dijimos dijeron

Estar estuve estuviste estuvo estuvimos estuvieron

Hacer hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicieron

Poner puse pusiste puso pusimos pusieron

Poder pude pudiste pudo pudimos pudieron

Querer quise quisiste quiso quisimos quisieron

Saber supe supiste supo supimos supieron

Tener tuve tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvieron

Traer traje trajiste trajo trajimos trajeron

Venir vine viniste vino vinimos vinieron

Preterite-Cucaracha

Comparatives are the comparison of one person or thing to another.

Comparatives

Superiority   más... (que)more... than or ____er than

Inferiority menos... (que) less/fewer... than

Equality tan... como as... as

tanto... como as much/many as

Superlatives indicate that one person/thing is the most, best, least, or worst of all.

Superlatives are formed with the definite article + noun + más or menos + adjective.

Superlatives

Future tense is used to express an action that will take place after the present moment.

Future Tense

-ar, -er, -ir

-é -emos

-ás

-á -án

Preterite vs. ImperfectFuture vs. ConditionalPorParaCommandsPresent PerfectsDouble Object PronounsAdverbsSubjunctiveSe ImpersonalProgressive w/ ir, andar, seguir

2nd Semester Table of Contents

Preterit vs. ImperfectThe preterite is used

for actions that can be viewed as single events, for actions that were repeated a specific number of times, for actions that were part of a chain of events, and to state the beginning or the end of an action.

The imperfect is used for actions that were repeated habitually, for actions that "set the stage" for another action, and for telling time and stating one's age.

Future vs. Conditional

Future

-é -emos

-ás -án

-á

Conditional

-ía -íamos

-ías -ían

-ía

The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen.

The conditional is used to express probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture, and is usually translated as would, could, must have or probably.

Uses for PorExpressing movement along, through,

around, by or aboutDenoting a time or duration when something

occursExpressing the cause of an actionMeaning perMeaning supporting or in favor ofIntroducing the agent of an action after a

passive verbIndicating means of transportation

Por

Uses for ParaMeaning for the purpose of or in order toWith a noun or pronoun as object, meaning

for the benefit of or directed toMeaning to or in the direction of when

referring to a specific placeMeaning by or for when referring to a

specific time

Para

Tú – Simply drop the “s.” Los irregulares: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven.

Ud./Uds. – Put it in “yo” form and change to opposite vowel. Los irregulares: TVDISHES.

Affirmative Tú – Put it in “yo”

form and change to opposite vowel, add an “s.” Los irregulares: TVDISHES.

Ud./Uds. – Same as affirmative. Los irregulares: TVDISHES.

Negative

Commands

TVDISHES: tener, venir, dar/decir, ir, ser, hacer/haber, estar, saber

Present PerfectsThe present

perfect tense is first formed by using the present tense of the auxiliary verb "haber."Haber

He Hemos

Has Han

Ha

You then add the past participle of the verb you want to use by adding –ado or –ido to the end.

When you have both a direct object pronoun and an indirect object pronoun in the same sentence, the indirect object pronoun comes first.

Whenever both pronouns begin with the letter "l" change the first pronoun to “se.”

In sentences with two verbs, there are two options regarding the placement of the pronouns. Place them immediately before the conjugated verb or attach them directly to the infinitive.

Double Object Pronouns

Direct Object Pronouns

Me Nos

Te Los, las

Lo, la

Indirect Object Pronouns

Me Nos

Te Les

Le

Most Spanish adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective.

Adding –mente is similar to –ly at the end of English adverbs.

Adverbs

The subjunctive mood is used to express things like doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity, etc.

You will usually see it in sentences that contain a main clause which introduces a quality of uncertainty or subjectivity.

Subjunctive

Impersonal expressions are used when the subject of a verb is unspecified.

To form the impersonal se, verbs are always 3rd person singular and are commonly followed by a direct object.

Se Impersonal

Seguir + progressive = to continueAndar + progressive = to walkIr + progressive = to go

Progressive with Ir, Andar, and Seguir