REACTIONS PUBLISHING GROUPNestor HousePlayhouse YardLondon EC4V 5EXUnited Kingdomtel: +44 (0)20 7779 8184fax:+44 (0)20 7779 8200e-mail: jwalsh@euromoneyplc.comwebsite: www.reactionsnet.com

VENEZUELA

GUYANA

SURINAM

PANAMA

GALAPAGOSISLANDS (ECUADOR)

JAMAICA

PUERTO RICO

AZORES (PORT)

ICELAND

SPAIN

A L G E R I A

S U D A N

S A U D IA R A B I A

E T H I O P I A

M A L I

L I B Y A E G Y P T

N I G E R

Z A M B I A

K E N Y A

T A N Z A N I A

A N G O L A

S O U T HA F R I C A

N A M I B I A

D E M O C R A T I CR E P U B L I C

O F C O N G O

N I G E R I A

C H A D

I R A Q

I R A N

I N D I A

I N D O N E S I A

A U S T R A L I A

M A L A Y S I A

C H I N A

R U S S I A

K A Z A K H S T A N

M O N G O L I AFRANCE

GERMANY

TURKEY

ITALY

BARBADOS

CAYMAN ISLANDS

ST VINCENT

GUADELOUPEDOMINICA

GRENADA

IRELAND

MADEIRA (PORT)

CAPE VERDE

ST HELENA (UK)

ASCENSION ISLAND (UK)

FALKLANDISLANDS (UK)

HAWAIIANISLANDS (USA)

TONGA

TAHITI

WESTERNSAMOA

AMERICANSAMOA

FRENCHPOLYNESIA

THE CANARIES (SP)

UNITEDKINGDOM

FINLAND

SW

ED

EN

NO

RW

AY

POLAND

ROMANIA

MOROCCO

CAMEROON

CONGO

SYRIA

UAE

OMAN

SRILANKA

YEMEN

TURKMENISTAN

UZBEKISTAN

THAILAND

PHILIPPINES

PAPUA NEWGUINEA

NEWZEALAND

JAPAN

AFGHANISTAN

PAKISTAN

BOTSWANA

ZIMBABWE

MOZA

MBIQ

UE

SOM

ALIA

MA

DA

GA

SCA

R

GABON

CENTRALAFRICAN REPUBLIC

MAURITANIA

U K R A I N E

BELARUSNETHERLANDS

BELGIUM

SENEGAL

GAMBIA

SIERRALEONE

GUINEABURKINA FASOGUINEA

BISSAU

LIBERIA

EQ GUINEA

LESOTHO

RWANDA

UGANDA

BURUNDI

MAURITIUS

REUNION ISLANDS (FR)

COMOROS

SEYCHELLES

MALDIVES

MA

LAW

I

SWAZILAND

CABINDA(ANGOLA)

GHANA

DJIBOUTI

BAHRAIN

QATAR

BHUTAN

VIETNAM

SINGAPORE

SOLOMONISLANDS

FIJI

VANUATU

PALAU

EAST TIMOR

NEWCALEDONIA (FR)

BRUNEI

HONG KONG

TAIWAN

SOUTHKOREA

NORTHKOREA

MACAULAOS

CAMBODIA

NEPAL

BANGLADESH

KUWAIT

ERITREA

CÔTE D`‘IVOIRE

DENMARK

LUXEMBOURG

POR

TUG

AL

WES

TERN

SA

HA

RA

TUN

ISIA

BEN

IN

TOG

O

SWITZERLAND

CZECH REPSLOVAKIA

LITHUANIA

LATVIA

ESTONIA

AUSTRIA

SLOVENIA

CROATIA

MOLDOVA

ALBANIA

SERBIA

MALTA

CYPRUS

LEBANON

ISRAELJORDAN

GEORGIA

AZERBAIJANARMENIA

TAJIKISTAN

MYANMAR(BURMA)

KYRGYZSTANMACEDONIA

BULGARIA

GREECE

HUNGARY

BOSNIA

ST LUCIA

ST KITTS ANTIGUA

BAHAMAS

BERMUDA (UK)

DOMINICAN REP

TRINIDAD& TOBAGO

NETHANTILLES

HAITI

CUBA

HONDURAS

BELIZE

NICARAGUA

COSTARICA

GUATEMALA

EL SALVADOR

PARAGUAY

URUGUAY

FRENCHGUIANA

COLOMBIA

ECUADOR

P E R U

M E X I C O

B O L I V I A

A L A S K A

A R G E N T I N A

B R A Z I L

U N I T E D S T A T E SO F A M E R I C A

C A N A D A

G R E E N L A N D

CH

IL

E

A T L A N T I C

O C E A N

A T L A N T I C

O C E A N

S O U T H E R N O C E A N

I N D I A N

O C E A N

P A C I F I C

O C E A N

A R C T I C O C E A N

P A C I F I C

O C E A N

P A C I F I C

O C E A N

G u l f o fM e x i c o

N o r w e g i a nS e a

N o r t hS e a

B a r e n t sS e a

K a r aS e a

A r a b i a nS e a

G u l f o fG u i n e a

B a y o f B e n g a l

T a s m a n S e a

S o u t hC h i n a

S e a

S e a o fO k h o t s k

B e r i n gS e a

E a s t S i b e r i a nS e a

L a p t e v S e a

Black Sea

Scot ia Sea

Sea o fJapan

Eas tChina

Sea

TimorSea

H u d s o nB a y

B a f f i nB a y

D a v i sS t r a i t

B e a u f o r tS e a

C a r i b b e a nS e a

Me d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

Caspia n

S ea

Red

S ea

Gu l f o f Aden

The

Gul f

Brasilia

Rio de Janeiro

Fortaleza

Asunción

Montevideo

Lima

Quito

Bogotá

Medellin

Caracas

GeorgetownParamaribo

Cayenne

Salvador

São Paulo

Belmopan

Havana

Kingston

SantoDomingo

PanamaSan José

Ottawa

Toronto

BostonNew York

Chicago

Seattle

DallasAtlanta

Denver

San Diego

Honolulu

Houston

Miami

New Orleans

Montreal

Vancouver

Anchorage

San Francisco

Los Angeles

TegucigalpaSan Salvador

Port-au-Prince

Managua

Washington DC

Las Vegas

Calgary

Reykjavik

Lisbon

Stockholm

Berlin

Frankfurt

Hamburg

Kaliningrad(Russia)

Vienna

Ljubljana

Sarajevo

Dakar

Cairo

Kolkata

Baku

Kabul

Islamabad

Katmandu

Beijing

Tokyo

Rangoon

Manila

Dhaka

Colombo

Tashkent

Novosibirsk

Tbilisi

Tel Aviv

ConakryFreetown

MonroviaAccra

Brazzaville

Lusaka

Lilongwe

Harare

Dar-es-Salaam

Gaborone

Cape Town

Kigali

Bujumbura

Bern

Ankara

Warsaw

Vilnius

Kiev

Dublin

Paris

Marseille

Athens

Bucharest

Madrid

Tripoli

BamakoNiamey

Khartoum

Riyadh

Alma Ata

New Delhi

Wuhan

Vientiane

Bangkok

Ulan Bator

BaghdadTehran

Yerevan

Abu DhabiAd Dawhah

Addis Ababa

Yaoundé

Kampala

Windhoek

Antananarivo

Pretoria

Abidjan

Ouagadougou

Algiers

Tunis

Oslo Helsinki

Bratislava

Brussels

Barcelona

Amsterdam

Copenhagen

Prague

Rome

Rabat

El Aaiun

Moscow

St Petersburg

Budapest

Zagreb Belgrade

Sofia

Nouakchott

Banjul

LoméLagos

N’Djamena

Bangui

Kinshasa

Nairobi

Mogadishu

Sana

Mecca

Jeddah

AmmanDamascus

Beirut

Muscat

Mumbai

Karachi

AshkhabadDushanbe

Pyongyang

Seoul

Taipei

Shanghai

Osaka

Hanoi

Phnom Penh

Kuala Lumpur

Port Moresby Honiara

Wellington

Christchurch

Auckland

SydneyAdelaide

Perth

Jakarta

Dili

Darwin

Brisbane

Canberra

Melbourne

Thimphu

Vladivostok

Bishkek

Libreville

Luanda

Maputo

Johannesburg

Porto-Novo

Bissau

Tallinn

Riga

Minsk

Kishinev

LondonBirmingham

BelfastManchester

Godthåb

Guatemala

Mexico City

Guadalajara

La Paz

Santiago

Buenos Aires

60º

70º

50º

40º

30º

20º

10º

0º

10º

20º

30º

40º

50º

170º160º150º140º130º120º110º100º90º80º70º60º50º40º30º20º10º0º10º20º30º40º50º60º70º80º90º100º110º120º130º140º150º160º170º

50º

40º

30º

20º

10º

0º

10º

20º

30º

40º

50º

60º

70º

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 GMT +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 +10 +11 +12

Negligible risk

TERRORISM RISK

High risk

CITY TERRORISM RISK

Low risk

Medium risk

High risk

Extreme risk

Marxist / Leftist

TERRORIST THREAT

Far right / Anarchist / Single interest

Nationalist / Separatist

Narco / Organised crime

Islamic Fundamentalist

Scale 1:500,000. Rated by Aon Special Risks Counter Terrorism as at Feb 2003. The Terrorism Risk ratings are compiled from various sources and may be affected by general perceptions of the terrorism risk insurance market and insurance capacity issues. Reactions and Aon Limited accept no responsibility for the completeness or accuracy of the information contained herein.

KEY TO SYMBOLS

GLOBAL TERRORISM RISK 2003

© Aon Limited 2003

Special Risks Counter Terrorisma division of Aon Crisis Management

8 Devonshire SquareLondon EC2M 4PL

United Kingdomtel: +44 (0)20 7623 5500fax: +44 (0)20 7301 4151

e-mail: crisismanagement@aon.co.ukwebsite: www.terrorism.co.ukwww.terrorism.co.uk

Special Risks Counter Terrorisma division of Aon Crisis ManagementIn association with:

www.euromoney.com

MAJOR ACTS OF TERRORISM WORLDWIDEDeaths/Serious Property Damage /Economic Loss

Date Location Event Perpetrator Injuries US$ (est indexed to 2002)10 Feb 03 Bogota, Car bomb inside nightclub building FARC 33 fatalities

Colombia 168 injured27 Dec 02 Grozny, Two car/truck bombs outside Chechen Rebels 80 fatalities

Chechnya headquarters of ruling Russian party Over 150 injured28 Nov 02 Mombasa, Car bomb attack on Paradise Hotel. Al Qaeda 18 fatalities Serious impact on Kenyan tourism

Kenya Failed missile attack on Israeli aircraft Over 80 injured industry – US$ amount uncertain12 Oct 02 Bali, Indonesia Car bomb outside nightclub frequented by Islamic militants 190 fatalities

tourists (pos Al Qaeda links) Over 300 injured11 Oct 02 Yemen offshore French oil tanker “Limburg” attacked by Al Qaeda 1 fatality US$85m plus oil clean up costs

waters suicide bombers using a small speedboat11 Sep 01 New York & Terror attacks against WTC and Pentagon Al Qaeda 3,030 fatalities US$20bn insured property damage

Washington DC by hijacked airliners 2,337 injured US$100bn economic loss24 Jul 01 Colombo Int’l Rebels destroy 3 airliners, 8 military aircraft Tamil Tigers 20 fatalities US$398m insured property damage

Airport, Sri Lanka and heavily damage 3 civilian aircraft 15 injured13 Sep 99 Moscow, Russia Bomb explosion destroys apartment building Alleged Chechen Rebels 118 fatalities15 Aug 98 Omagh, Car bomb The ‘Real IRA’ – 28 fatalities Major damage to Omagh covered

N. Ireland, UK IRA splinter group Over 200 injured by UK Government indemnity07 Aug 98 Nairobi, Kenya Two simultaneous truck bomb attacks Al Qaeda 253 fatalities Major damage to US Gov property

Dar es-Salaam, trigger damage in and around US embassy 5,075 injured US$175m est economic lossTanzania

23 Nov 96 Comoros Islands, Hi-jacked Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 767-260 Ethiopian hijackers 127 fatalities US$45m insured property damageIndian Ocean ditched at sea (pos Islamic extremists

links)25 Jun 96 Dharan, Tanker truck bomb at Khobar Towers Saudi dissidents 19 fatalities Major damage to US Gov property

Saudi Arabia building housing US military personnel (pos Al Qaeda links) 64 injured15 Jun 96 Manchester, UK Explosion of IRA van bomb near shopping Irish Republican 228 injured US$744m insured property damage

mall Army (IRA) Economic loss > US$1,000m09 Feb 96 London, UK IRA truck bomb attack in South Key, Provisional Irish 2 fatalities US$259m insured property damage

Docklands Rep Army (PIRA) 100 injured31 Jan 96 Colombo, Truck Bomb attack on Colombo City Centre Tamil Tigers 91 fatalities US$6m insured property damage

Sri Lanka 1,500 injured13 Nov 95 Riyadh, Bomb at US offices of Saudi National Guard Saudi dissidents 7 fatalities Major damage to US Gov property

Saudi Arabia Military HQ (pos Al Qaeda links) 60 injured19 Apr 95 Oklahoma City, Truck bomb attack on Government building Right wing militia 166 Fatalities US$150m insured property damage

USA in Oklahoma City 467 Injured20 Mar 95 Tokyo Subway, Sarin nerve agent attack on subway Aum Shinrikyo 12 fatalities

Japan (Doomsday) cult Over 50 injured 18 Jul 94 Buenos Aires Bomb attack on building of Jewish Hizbollah with pos 95 fatalities

organisation local activists 147 injured 24 Apr 93 London, UK Bomb explodes near Nat West Tower Provisional Irish 1 fatality US$907m insured property damage

– London Financial District Republican Army (PIRA) 54 injured US$2,000m est economic loss12 Mar 93 Bombay, India Series of 13 bomb attacks Criminal gangs / 300 fatalities US$6m insured property damage

Islamic militants 1,100 injured26 Feb 93 New York, USA Van bomb explodes in garage of World Al Qaeda linked 6 fatalities US$725m insured property damage

Trade Center 1,000 injured US$1,500m est economic loss10 Apr 92 London, UK Truck bomb explodes near Baltic Exchange / Provisional Irish 3 fatalities US$671m insured property damage

CU Tower – London Financial District Republican Army (PIRA) 91 injured US$3,000m est economic loss21 Dec 88 Lockerbie, UK Pan Am Boeing 747 destroyed by bomb in Libyan agents 270 fatalities US$145m insured property damage

baggage hold – wreckage lands on houses23 Jun 85 North Atlantic Air India B-747 destroyed by bomb in Sikh extremists 329 fatalities US$156m insured property damage

Ocean baggage hold23 Oct 83 Beirut, Lebanon Suicide truck bombing of US Marine Lebanese Islamic Jihad 300 fatalities

barracks and French paratrooper base 100 injured Data from various sources including Swiss Re

TERRORIST METHODSType TANKER TRUCK BOMBCharge 5,000kg to 10,000kg of high explosiveDetonation Triggered by mobile phone/pager,

electronic timer or suicide driverPotential Destruction and collapse of multiple

high rise buildings. Serious structural damage within 1000 metre radius. 1000s of casualties, fire and damage to utilities

Used by Al Qaeda – Khobar Towers bomb, Dharan, 25 Jun 96

Type SUICIDE ‘HIGH SPEED’ BOATCharge 100kg to 200kg of plastic explosive

in ‘shaped charge’Detonation Triggered electronically by boat driverPotential Critical damage to large vessel at

waterline, multiple casualties andpossible sinking. Environmental pollution catastrophe

Used by Al Qaeda – USS Cole, Aden, Yemen, 12 Oct 99, and “Limburg” attack, offshore Yemen, 11 Oct 02

Type SHOULDER FIRED ‘SURFACE TO AIR’ MISSILE

Charge Approx 2kg of high explosiveDetonation Heat seeking missile explodes upon

impact with aircraft enginePotential Low cost weapon (US$5,000 to

US$20,000) and easily obtainable. Destruction of civil airliner

Used by Al Qaeda – Dar es Salaam Airport, Tanzania, 28 Nov 02

Type VAN BOMBCharge 500kg to 1,000kg of high explosiveDetonation Triggered remotely by mobile phonePotential Destruction and collapse of adjacent buildings. Serious structural damage within

400 metre radius. 100s of casualties, fire and damage to utilitiesUsed by Al Qaeda – Bali nightclub bomb, 12 Oct 02

Explosive embedded with detonator cord linked to firing mechanism in truck cab

Plastic explosivepacked under seat

Sights

Launcher

Trigger

TERRORIST METHODSType AEROSOL DEVICECharge Anthrax spores or other biological

agentRelease Triggered by timer or remotely.

Compressed air forces agent/vapourthrough fine nozzles

Potential Widespread death and disease. Evacuation and long term quarantine of properties/metropolitan areas. Mass panic

Used by Intelligence sources have found evidence of terrorist group interest and research

Type BURSTER DEVICECharge Sarin nerve gas or other chemical

agent contained in small cylinder(in brief case or small bag/box)

Detonation Detonator cord triggered by simpletimer. Small explosion disperses agent

Potential Localised poisoning causing death and injury. Evacuation and quarantine of properties/transit systems. Mass panic

Used by Aum Shinrikyo (Doomsday) Cult, Tokyo Subway, 20 Mar 95

Type IMPROVISED MORTARCharge Approx 2kg of high explosiveDetonation 50-1000 metre range with detonation

upon impactPotential Home made weapon that can be fired

from outside security cordon at highvalue/security targets. Localised property damage and multiple casualties

Used by IRA, FARC, ETA and many other terrorist groups worldwide. Over 100 recordedattacks in 2002

Nozzles

Timer

Valve

Compressed air cylinder

Car battery

Biologicalagent

Timer

9vbattery

Trigger

Cylinder containing chemical agent

Detonator taped to cylinder

Mortar bomb launched from simple welded pipe