Global History :Everything Else

Communists

• Karl Marx (Marxist/ Marxist Socialism/ communism)

• V.I. Lenin (Russia/U.S.S.R.)• Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)• Mikhail Gorbachev (last communist leader of the

Soviet Union)• Fidel Castro (Cuba)• Mao Zedong(China)• Ho Chi Mihn (Vietnam)• Kim Jong-Il (North Korea)

Women

• World Leaders (non-traditional roles): • Indira Gandhi (India)• Benazir Bhutto (Pakistan)• Golda Meir (Israel)• Margaret Thatcher (Great Britain)• Humanitarian Concerns: • Mother Teresa (India)• Aung San Suu Kyi (Myanmar)• Rigoberta Menchu (Guatamala)• Enlightened thinker: • Mary Wollstonecraft

Supporters of Westernization

• All supported modernization • Russia: Catherine the Great, Peter the Great,

Stalin• Iran: Shah Reza Pahlevi• Turkey: Kemel Ataturk• Japan: Emperor Meiji

Ruthless Leaders• Adolf Hitler leader of

Nazis(Germany)• Pol Pot leader of Khmer

Rouge (Cambodia)• Slobadon Milosevic leader

of Serbs (Serbia)• Mao Zedong leader of Red

Guard (China)• Joseph Stalin leader of

network of terror (Soviet Union) Pol Pot Documentary

Human Rights Violations

• Examples of Genocide (mass murder of a group of people)– Armenians during WWI– Holocaust (Jews and others) during WWII– educated persons under the Khmer Rouge– Hutus and Tutsies in Rwanda– Muslims in Bosnia by Serbs

Rwanda Massacre

Human Rights• Examples of other violations of human

rights (denial of basic political, economic and social right to which all humans are entitled):

– Jews in Middle Ages/pogroms in Russia/Holocaust

– Irish Potato Famine: Irish flee to America

– Apartheid in South Africa: Mandela & Biko fight

Untouchables in India: Gandhi fights

Apartheid in South Africa

Human Rights

• Examples of other violations of human rights (denial of basic political, economic and social right to which all humans are entitled):– Tiananmen Square massacre

in China: Economic changes - no democratic reforms

– Dissidents under Stalin

– Women and Children during Industrial Revolution

– Urban population in Cambodia under Khmer Rouge

Tiananmen Square Massacre

Organizations and Groups– PLO : (Palestine

Liberation Organization, led by Yasir Arafat) Its goal it to create an independent state of Palestine. (in conflict with Israeli Jews)

– OPEC: (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) Its goal is to control the oil industry by setting production levels and prices.

•NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement: its goal is to promote trade free of tariffs (has pros and cons)

Conflicts

• Israelis and Palestinians: conflict over Holy Land. Israelis believe God gave the land to them

• Palestinians say they were living there.• Palestinians fled to neighboring

nations after the creation of Israel. • Four wars - Israel wins all. • Palestinians have limited self-rule in

Gaza Strip and West Bank and want statehood.

Nationalism

• Nationalism: devotion to one’s country, especially to be independent and free from foreign control(hook up with self-determination / independence movements)

• Groups seeking independence– Chechyns in Russia– Tibetans in China– Palestinians in Palestine– Kurds in Iraq– Albanians in Kosovo

Global Concern

• Desertification: arable land turning to desert– Sahel region of Sahara

Desert in Africa– Causes: overgrazing,

cutting down forests– Effects: Sahara Desert

grows 50 miles/yr, famine

– Solutions: education, planting trees to reduce soil erosion, crop rotation, international aid

Global Concern• Deforestation:

destruction of forests– Brazil, India, Indonesia– Cause: developing nations

looking to sell lumber or clear land to grow crops, graze cattle or build homes

– Effects: Losing 50 million acres of tropic forest each year, greenhouse effect, soil erosion, extinction of certain plants and animals

– Solutions: education, planting trees, population control, economic development

Global Concern

• Overpopulation (too many people for the available resources)– Causes: traditional values,

laborers, lack of birth control– China, India, Bangladesh– Effects: World population of 6.2

billion and growing, drain on resources (including energy, education, food, farmland and water)

– Solutions: education, family planning, China’s “one-child” policy