Essential Standard 2.00: Understand global agriculture

Understand the history of global agriculture.

The application of scientific principles and new technologies to agriculture Applied science

applies knowledge of biology, chemistry and physics Agronomists use biology and chemistry

develop new ways to control weeds Entomologists use biology and chemistry

develop new ways to control insects Agricultural engineers use physics

develop new, more efficient machinery

Employs the scientific method to solve problems

The production, processing, marketing and distribution of all agricultural products, related supplies and services

Examples: Cattle

Production farmer cow-calf feeder steers

Processing slaughter facility Rendering Beef Leather

Marketing Butcher Grocery Steaks

Transportation Plane Rail Truck

Related supplies and services Veterinarian feed dealer

Examples: Wheat

Production Farmer Grain Processing

Grain mills Flour

Marketing Bakery Bread

Transportation Wheat grain trucks Rail

Related supplies and services fertilizer dealer crop scouting machinery dealer GPS

Examples: Roses

Production flower grower

processing/marketing Harvesters wholesale retail florist

Transportation Plane Truck floral delivery driver

Related supplies and services glass vase sales greenhouse manufacturers floral designers

• Agribusiness refers to commercial firms (businesses) that have developed with or stemmed out of agriculture

• Examples of Agribusiness:

• Farm related• Chemical Company• Tractor Manufacturer• Pharmaceutical Company (veterinary medicines)

• Horticulture related• Landscape or nursery business• Seed company• Mower Manufacturer

• Resources provided by nature that can replace or renew themselves• Examples

• Wildlife – deer, songbirds, birds of prey, fish, rabbits• Forests – trees, grasses

Mechanization Helps 2% of America’s work force meet the food and

fiber needs of our nation Reduction of 90% in production farming in the

last 200 years

Invented in 1793 Eli Whitney Transformed cotton to a

usable product Removed cotton seed

from cotton fiber

Late 1890’s Developed crop rotations and the use of

legumes plants that “make” their own nitrogen

Peanuts Significantly improve soil fertility in the U.S.

south

Cyrus McCormick Invented in 1834 Cut grains

Cut wheat, oats, and other crops

With the sickle or reaping hook one man could cut from one-half to one acre in a hard day's work.

The cut grain was later bound by hand

Invented in the early 1800’s

Thomas Jefferson Rough surface that

dirt stuck to

1837 John Deere Smoother surface Rich clay soil did not stick to it Made plowing easier and faster

Seed planter 1834

Cotton planter 1836

Invented in 1850 Edmund Quincy Helped speed up the

harvesting of corn

Joseph Glidden

1874 dramatically

changed raising livestock

Invented in 1878 Anna Baldwin Used vacuum

suction Replaced hand

milking

1879 Thomas Elkins

designed a device that helped with the task of preserving perishable foods by way of refrigeration

Invented in 1904 Benjamin Holt Replaced the mule

as a source of power Horse power

1849 - 1920

Steam powered Caterpillar tractor built by Holt in 1908.

1987 John Sanford A device for

injecting cells with genetic information

• 1993• tractor based GPS systems

together with GIS (Geographic Information Systems)

• Used to gather data such as soil condition, humidity, temperature and other variables

• Used to control• intensity of planting• application of fertilizer• application of pesticides• watering schedules

Late 1990’s First used in Ontario, Canada Benefits by a reduction in

labor Initial cost is primary

disadvantage especially to small producer

• An institution designated by its state legislature to receive funding (Morrill Acts of 1862 &1890) to teach agriculture, military tactics and the mechanical arts.• Agricultural experiment stations (Hatch Act 1887).

Examples:• North Carolina A&T (1890) Greensboro, NC• North Carolina State University (1887) Raleigh, NC• Clemson University (1889) Clemson, SC• University of Georgia (1785) Athens, GA• University of Tennessee (1794) Knoxville, TN• Virginia Tech. University (1872) Blacksburg, VA

Established to assist farmers, ranchers and the general public Information professional assistance funding

(USDA) United States Department of Agriculture 1862 Provides leadership on food, agriculture, natural

resources, rural development, nutrition, and related issues based on sound public policy, the best available science, and efficient management.

Examples of branches/agencies of USDA: NRCS (1935) - Natural Resource Conservation Service APHIS (1972) – Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service NASS (1863) – National Agricultural Statistics Service USFS (1905) –United States Forest Service

Mmission is to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the nation’s forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations.

NCCES North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service 1914 To put research –based knowledge to work for

economic prosperity, environmental stewardship and an improved quality of life

North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (NCDA&CS) Services that promote and improve agriculture…..

1. Fruits and Vegetables Peaches - China Tomato – South America Peanut – Peru, South America Sweet potato – Central America

2. Grain, Oil and Fiber Crops Corn – Cuba, Mexico Soybeans – Southeast Asia Cotton – Mexico, Africa, Pakistan Wheat – Southwest Asia (Syria, Jordan, Turkey,

India)

Note: Sources vary on actual country of origin but generally agree on region of the world.

Regions develop based on a variety of factors: Soils Weather market development Feed availability

Citrus fruit Florida Texas California

Corn belt Includes all or parts of these Midwestern states

Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska,

Wheat Hard Red Spring Wheat – (highest protein content, excellent bread

wheat, superior milling and baking characteristics) Minnesota, North and South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, (also Oregon, Washington, California)

Soft Red Winter Wheat – (high yielding, low protein, used for cakes, biscuits, pastries)

Southeastern states including North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia and others, as well as Midwestern states including Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri.

Spearmint Washington, Oregon, Idaho

Floriculture crops California, Florida, Michigan, Texas, North Carolina

Beef cattle Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Colorado, Oklahoma,

Missouri, South Dakota (corn belt area) Dairy

Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine,

California, Idaho and Texas are leading producers but are not located in this region

Hogs North Carolina and Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota Corn belt area

Poultry (broilers) Southern and southeastern states

North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Texas

NC is divided into three basic geographic and agricultural regions Mountains Piedmont Coastal plains

Mountain counties Christmas trees Apples Trout

Piedmont counties Greenhouse and Nursery crops Broilers Turkeys Dairy cattle

Eastern counties Hogs Turkeys Broilers Tobacco- flue-cured Sweet potatoes Vegetables Peanuts Cotton Corn Soybeans

world’s most important source of vegetable oil

Statewide exceeds $10,000,000,000 ($10B) annually Livestock, Dairy and Poultry

Approximately 2/3 of all farm cash receipts Broilers and hogs account for nearly half of this amount

Crops Approximately 1/3 of all farm cash receipts

greenhouse, nursery, floriculture and Christmas trees

Compare the current and future issues in global agriculture.

The world population will continue to grow with expectations of 9 billion humans on the planet by 2050. More children survive to adulthood worldwide. More adults are living longer worldwide.

Population growth will: Add stress to environmental systems of air, water, soil and

natural resources. Create challenges to meet demands for food and fiber.

Examples of agriscience research to meet these demands: Genetically engineered crops

a bio-engineered tomato that resists rotting

New fuel sources biodiesel from animal fat

Human nutrition decreasing the amount of animal fat in the diet and raising the proportion of fat from

vegetable sources

Satellite technology (gps) determine various nutrient levels/deficiencies in plants 

Agriculture will always be an essential industry. Food is essential to life

an iPad is not

Clothing and shelter are basic needs of humans smartphones are not

You will work in your assigned groups to: Research and evaluate an assigned agricultural trend. Create a display in Microsoft Word which includes:

Title of your Issue Two appropriate pictures Description of the Issue using one sentence Bulleted list of why this issue is important to our future.

1. Food Insecurity2. Sustainability3. Organic Food Production4. GMO’s5. Local Foods Movement6. Community Supported Agriculture7. Water (quality and quantity)

Food Insecurity Global importance Defined as not knowing where a human will find their next

meal the situation where people need to live with hunger and fear starvation

Food insecurity results from several factors Climate issues Urban development Corrupt governments Population growth Oil price shifts

Sustainability We must meet the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Organic Food Production Crops are raised without using most conventional

pesticides, petroleum-based fertilizers, or sewage sludge-based fertilizers

Animals must be fed organic feed and be given access to the outdoors

Antibiotics and growth hormones may not be used in organic production

Accounts for more than 3% of all U.S. food sales

GMO’s Genetically modified organisms Combing genes from different organisms results in an

organism being called genetically modified or transgenic Controversies surrounding this practice include safety,

ethics, labeling and others European countries will not purchase GMO foods from the

US Fewer exports

Local Food Movement Can be defined in terms of geographic proximity of

producer to consumer. Is a very popular concept in regards to food safety, food

freshness, and reduction of environmental impact due to shorter shipping distances

CSA’s (Community Supported Agriculture) Direct-to-consumer programs

Buy shares of a farms projected harvest Pay for their share of the harvest up front

Distributes risk between the farmer and the consumers Pick up their share regularly in a communal location or the shares are delivered directly

USDA estimates as many as 2500 CSA’s are operating nationally

Water (quantity and quality) US water shortages are a major issue in the western portion of

the nation where expanding cities needs are competing with farmers needs for the same water resources

The aquifer that underlies Long Island represents the only drinking water for the 3 million plus residents

Southeastern US, including North Carolina, Water Wars have become common place

In Third World countries a safe water supply is a luxury Most areas of the world, supplies of safe water have become generally insufficient because of

misuse, poor management, waste, pollution and climate change

Aquaculture Technology Equine Business and Training Fish and Wildlife Management Technology Forest Management Technology Golf Course Management Greenhouse and Grounds Maintenance Horticulture Technology Landscape Gardening Marine Sciences Poultry Management Sustainable Agriculture

Swine Management Turfgrass Management Viticulture Technology Agricultural Biotechnology Environmental Science Biotechnology Agribusiness Management Field Crops Technology General Agriculture Livestock and Poultry Management

Agricultural Economics Agricultural Education Animal Science Biological Engineering Landscape Architecture Agricultural and Environmental Technology Food Science Plant and Soil Science Poultry Science Genetics Horticultural Science