1.Introduction2.Various enzymes used in detergent3.Some important points about detergent

enzymes4.Micro organism used for the enzyme production5.Formulation of detergent enzymes6.Immobilization of enzymes7.Immobilization of enzymes in detergents8.Use of immobilization 9.Reasons to use the enzymes in detergents

• Used from a long time.• Increase the efficiency of detergent.• Most & large successful application.• Used in minor quantity.• Should be cost effective and save to

use.• Used in immobilized form-granular form• Enzymes used-Protease, lipase,

amylase, cellulase.

PROTEASES:- protease Polypeptide ---------------------> small peptides. Acts on protein stains , grass, blood, egg, human

sweets. Non-enzymatic detergent-less efficient, hence in

permanent stain. Protease hydrolyze protein into soluble polypeptides. Packed inside dust-free granules coated with wax

materials made from paraffin oil or PEG. Protection from hypersensitivity. Produced by bacillus Licheniformis &

B.amyloliquefaciens

LIPASE:- Triacyl glycerol-------------> glycerol + 3 fatty acid Fats, oils, butter etc. Acts at low tem.

AMYLASE:- Amylose --------------> maltose Starch based food-potatoes, custard etc. X amylase by B. Licheniforms. Used in Laundry & dishwashing detergents.

CELLULASE:- Modify structure of cellulose fiber. Its addition results:-

A. Color brighteningL:- 1. color dullness due to micro fibrils.

2.Remove there.

3. Provide brightness.

B. Softening:-C. Soil removal:-Examples:-Palkogent:-Alkaline proteasePalkolipase:-Alkaline lipase

Reduces cost of heating water. Shorten period of agitation. Removes dirt more efficiently. Must cost effective &save to use. Used in very small amount(0.4-0.8%) Must withstand anionic and non anionic

detergent soaps. Performance depend on-composition, stain

type, wash temp. etc

Bacillus sps. Companies-Novo industry & Girt Brocader. Novo industry produces:- a. Alcalase-from B. Licheniformi’s b. Esperase- alkalophilic strains of B.Licheniformis c. Savinase-alkalophilic stain of

B.amloliquefaciens. Girt Brocader produces:- Maxatase from B. Licheniformis. Alkalase & Maxatase-10-65 ºC & pH-7 to10.5. Esperase and Savinase-pH 11-12 B.Licheniformi’s- alpha amylase (dish

washing ,destarch. det.)

Compatibility of enzymes with various detergent ingredients.

Effective at low levels(0.4-0.8). Should Possess adequate temp. stability. Must also have a long shelf. Single enzyme triggers numerous chemical.

Reactions. In powdered detergents-used as granular form. Liquid prepration in solution & enzymatic slurries. Only serine Protease are used. Thiol Protease (Papain)-oxidized by bleaching agent. metallaprotease (thermolysin)-loss their metal cofactor. Preferred cleavage on carboxyl side of hydrophobic

aminoacid.

CONSTITUENTS COMPOSITION

1.Sodium tripoly phosphate(water softener, loosens dirt)

38.0%

2.Sodium alkane sulphonate (surfactant)

25.0%

3. 2.Sodium perborate tetrahydrate (oxidizing agent)

25.0%

4.Soap (sodium alkane carboxylates)

3.0%

5.Sodium sulphate (filter; water softener)

2.5%

6.Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(dirt-suspending agent)

1.6%

7.Sodium metasilicate (binder,loosen dirt)

1.0%

8.Bacillus protease (3% active) 0.8%

9.Fluorescent brightness 0.3%

10.Foam-controlling agent Trace

11.Perfume Trace

12.water to 100%

Reduced phosphate content Replaced by sodium carbonate plus extra

protease. Granulated form of enzymes are suitable. Domestic users-powdered preparation. Home users-liquid preparation It include – amylase, protease, lengthy

warm water soaking time.

INDUSTRIAL LAUNDERIES

reuse hot water for their profit. Separate their wash into categories. a. Prewash soaking-10 to 20 min at PH-11

& temp-30to40 degree C b. Main wash -10 to 20 min at PH 11 &

temp. 60 to 65 degree C c.Third wash includes hypochlorite as

bleach

Some Examples1.OZOLITE 0401PA:-

a. Cocktail of protease and amylase.

b. only 0.3%-1% of detergent formulation.

c. Available in dispersible granules.

d. Specially coated with polymers.

2.OZOLITE 0600L:-

a. Lipid based formulation.

b. Available in granular form.

c. Replacement of 1% chemical by 0.25% of ozolite 0600L.

OXIGENT:-A. Biobleaching system.

B. Comprises a mediator & an enzyme (peroxides).

C. Oxidize colored substrate into colorless form.

D. 0.5% to 2% of substrates wt/vol

ACTICLEAN:-A. Surface active mol.

B. Secreted by microbial cell.

C. Non ionic surfactant used in combination with chemical Surfactant.

D. Available in powder & liquid form.

E. Recommended 0.5% to 5%

DANLIND’S’ “TOTAL”

World 1st detergent with 8 diff. enzyme a. 2 Proteases- polarzyme, ovozyme b. 2 amylases- termamy & stainzyme c. 2 cellulases- celluzyme, celluclean d. Lipase- Lipex e. Mannanase-mannaway

Enzymes attached to an inert insoluble material (calcium alginate)

Increased resistance to change (PH or temp.) Reuse Less contamination in products. Methods of enzyme immobilization:- 1. Adsorption 2. Covalent Bonding 3. Entrapment 4. Cross linking 5. Encapsulation

A. By bonding to external & internal surface of carrier or support.

B. Carrier-1.mineral support (aluminium oxide, clay )

2.Organic support (starch)etc.C. Ionic interaction, H-bond, vanderwaals forces

etc-low energy bond.D. External surface-no pore diffusion limitation. Small carrier- practical size.C. Internal surface-Optimization of pore diameter. Enzymes protected from Abrasion, inhibiting

bulk sol & microbial attack..

Covalent bond. Utilization under brood rang of PH, ionic

strength etc. Carriers-carbohydrates, proteins, amine

bearing &inorganic carrier etc. Hydroxyl & amino groups-main groups of

bonding.

Entrapment inside matrix (support). Various supports- Polyacrylamide type

gel & naturally derived gels. E.g.- Cellulose, triacetate, agar etc. Adjustment of pore size.

Covalent bonding via a polyfunctional reagent such as glutar aldehyde, diazonium salt etc.

Basic approach are:- a. Formulation of insoluble aggregates. b. Adsorption then cross linking. e.g.-tryprin adsorbed- colloidal silica

particles.

Enclosing droplet of sol. Of enzyme in semi permeable membrane capsule.

Capsule-cellulose nitrate & nylon

1. Granular form.

2. Coated on inorganic or organic carrier-starch, cereal flour, cellulose powder, zeolite, alkali metal carbonate etc. mix of water soluble starch, cereal flour &optionally cellulose powder & alkali metal carbonate preferably used .

3. Outer uniform pigment containing coating layer -organic and inorganic -Eg:-caco3 or titanium oxide, Zn suphide, Zinc oxide etc. Average size-0.004-50 µm

4. An alcohol solid at room temp. -a linear alcohol with 14 to 22c e.g.- myristyl alcohol & cetyl alcohol -Melting point-45ºc to 65ºc

5. An emulsifier for this alcohol. e.g. ethoxylation products of alcohol.

6. Dispersant for the pigment -org\ inorg- e.g. aluminum oxide or silicon oxide e.g.-diethyl alcohol or dipropyl glycol

1.Stability of immobilized & native esperas

2.Four formulation-containing same amount of anionic & nonanionic surfactant

Result- 1. immobilized enzyme activity not affected. 2.Native enzymes lost 5o perc. Of activity. 3.Best removal of stain with immobilized enzymes detergents.

Required small amount.

Can work at low temp.

Fully biodegradable.