Gettysburg

• Summer of 1863 – a turning point for the Union

• Gettysburg Address by Lincoln to dedicate the cemetery

Vicksburg• Summer of 1863 – turning point

for the Union• In Mississippi – along the

Mississippi River• Union captured Southern supply

and transportation line in west

Segregation

• Forced separation of people

Jefferson Davis

• President of the Confederacy

• Ordered attack on Fort Sumter

Appomattox

• Lee (Confederate) surrendered to Grant (Union) ending the Civil War

Emancipation Proclamation

• Changed the focus of the Civil War

• Put the issue of slavery over state’s rights

Dred Scott Decision

• Supreme Court decision stating that Congress could not ban slavery in territories

13th Amendment

• Abolished Slavery

14th Amendment

• Defined citizenship

• Basis of the civil rights movement

15th Amendment

• Gave African American men the right to vote

• Basis of the civil rights movement

Reconstruction Act of 1867

• Established military rule in the South for 12 years.

Wounded Knee

• Last battle of the Plains (Indian) Wars

Plains Native Americans

• Buffalo was key to their culture

• Drastically affected by the coming of the railroad and settlers

Great American Desert

• A false description of the land west of the Mississippi River prior to massive settlement

The Plight of Plains Farmers

• Difficulties faced by the settler’s farming on rich soil

• Suffered from drought, Plains Indian conflicts, limited water

The Mining Industry

• Mining of gold/silver in the Rocky Mt. Region

• Caused cities to grow quickly

• Used company towns

Cattle Industry

• Profitable after the Civil War due to the population growth in the East

Barbed Wire

• Replaced wooden fences on the prairie and aided the growing cattle industry

Little Big Horn

• Site where Plains Indians defeated the US government

• Calvary was led by General Custer

Promontory Point

• Where the Transcontinental Railroad met in Utah

Buffalo

• Key to the Plains Indian culture

• Population severely lowered due to settlers and the railroad

Dawes Act

• Act of Congress that resulted in the break-up of Native American nations, moving them to reservations

Homestead Act

• Act of Congress (1862) to promote settlement of the Plains

Railroad Industry

• Standardized time and established time zones for consistent scheduling and routing purposes

Industrial Development

• Flourished due to the nation’s abundant natural resources

Social Darwinism

• The idea that men who were wealthy were of superior talent and the “fittest” in society

Sherman Antitrust Act

• Act of Congress to prevent businesses from consolidating

• It was not enforced

Thomas A. Edison

• Invented the incadescent bulb (light bulb) and the phonograph

John D. Rockefeller

• Founded Standard Oil

• Linked with horizontal integration

Standard Oil

• Consolidation of 40 companies under the management of Rockefeller

• Trust

Ida Tarbell

• Journalist who exposed Rockefeller’s method of business

Alexander G. Bell

• Invented the telephone

Gustavus Swift

• Meatpacking entrepreneur (one of the people who profited from the growth of the cattle industry)

Meatpacking Industry

• One of the first industries that grew large enough to eliminate smaller competition

• Grew out of cattle industry

Jane Addams

• Founded the Settlement House (Chicago) in the late 1800s to aid poor immigrants

Company Towns

• Communities owned and operated by businesses

• Common in mining and meatpacking industries

Jacob Riis

• Author/photographer who documented life in the factories and in immigrant tenements

Business Cycle

• The recurring sequence of changes in business activity (upswing/peak to recession/depression)

Knights of Labor

• Union that hired skilled and unskilled labor

AFL

• American Federation of Labor

• Union that hired only skilled workers

Samuel Gompers

• Head of AFL

• Key leader in the labor movement

Urbanization

• Growth of cities

• Occurred after the Civil War due to immigrants and growth of industry

Immigration (old/new)

• Pre-1890: from Northern and Western Europe

• Post-1890: from Southern and Eastern Europe and stayed in urban areas

Child Labor Laws

• Established to protect children in factories

• Laws were usually ignored by businesses and not enforced by government

Vertical Integration

• Different, but related business activities

• Linked with the steel industry and Andrew Carnegie