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GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) &REMOTE SENSING (RS)

By L. Harish KumarRoll No: 117R1A0132CMR Technical Campusharish.ce2015@gmail.com

Geographic Information System

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A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, analyzing, managing and displaying present all types of geographical data.

Remote sensing

Remote sensing is the science and art of obtaining information about an object, area or phenomena, through the analysis of data, acquired by a device, that is not in contact with the object .

History of GIS The first known use of the term ‘Geographic

Information System’ was by Roger Tomlinson in the year 1968 in his paper ‘A Geographic Information System for Regional Planning’. Roger Tomlinson is also acknowledged as the ‘Father Of GIS’.

GIS components

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Software,HardwareGeographic information dataApplicationPeople

GIS Applications Resource management Environmental impact assessment Land use planning Water and Sanitation Mapping Transportation routing Water and Rivers distributions Recreation resources Floodplains Wetlands Agricultural lands Aquifers Forests Etc...........

Types of data sources and the representation of data

Technical Inputs

• Aerial Photographs / Satellite Images• Remote sensing data analysis• Database • GIS representation of basic data• DEM/DTM analysis• Other ancillary data

• Geo-stationary satellites provide continuous and synoptic observations over large areas on weather including cyclone monitoring.

• Polar orbiting satellites have the advantage of providing much higher resolution imageries, even though at low temporal frequency, which could be used for detailed monitoring, damage assessment and long-term relief management.

• Advancements in the Remote sensing technology and the Geographic Information Systems help in real time monitoring, early warning and quick damage assessment of both drought and flood disasters.

Representing Spatial Elements

• RASTER

• VECTOR

• Real World

Two fundamental types of data Vector

A series of x,y coordinates For discrete data represented as points, lines,

polygons Raster

Grid cells For continuous data such as elevation, slope,

surfaces

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Spatial data storage Vector model

Raster model

point

1,6

2,5

5,4

4,1

7,105,9

4,7

6,68,6

9,8

line

polygon

2,2

5 10

5

10

as geometric objects: points, lines, polygons

as image files composed of grid-cells (pixels)

Stand Types Hydrology Roads Composite LayersTopography

GIS Theme Overlay.

MAP OVERLAYTheme Overlay

GIS Software’s

Google Earth (Capturing Data )

Arc GIS( Analyzing Data)

Global Mapper( Editing Data )

Remote Sensing Technology

Resolutions•Spatial Resolution•Spectral Resolution•Radiometric Resolution•Temporal Resolution

Types of remote sensing

Passive sensors:

Active sensors:

APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING

•Preparation of Geology and Geomorphology mapping•Soil Mapping•Water resources•Agriculture (crops) •Forestry and vegetation mapping and •Land use mapping•Etc……

Schematic representationSatellite Data TopomapsAncillary

Information

Interpretation (validate)

LU/LC Map

Drainage Map

Contour Map

DEM

Slope Map

Ordered Drainage Map

Watershed Boundary

Soil, Geology & Geomorphology

MapsHydrologic Soil

Group

Curve No. / Classes

Logical Operations & Decision Rules Output

Map for WHS

Conclusion

Using GIS we can get the exact idea on the topography of the earth surface.

Information about the natural components such as mountains, lakes, ponds , lands, etc.

Mapping of these components can be done effectively.

Land Use / Land Cover in Water ResourcesSurface Water Mapping and InventoryRainfall - Runoff relationshipFlood & Drought impact assessment & monitoringWatershed Management for sustainable development

Conclusion Cont.

Conclusions for drought and flood management The remote sensing and GIS technology significantly contributes in the

activities of all the three major phases of drought and flood management namely, 1. Preparedness Phase where activities such as prediction and risk zone identification are taken up long before the event occurs. 2. Prevention Phase where activities such as Early warning/ Forecasting, monitoring and preparation of contingency plans are taken up just before or during the event and 3. Response/Mitigation Phase where activities just after the event includes damage assessment and relief management.

In this lecture, brief review of remote sensing and GIS methods and its utilization for drought and flood management are discussed.

References: •Basics of Remote Sensing and GIS - S. Kumar  •P. J. Curran: 1988, Principles of Remote Sensing.

•Murali Krishna, I.V.: Spatial Information Technology (Remote Sensing & GIS) Manual of Nationwide Land use 

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