Post on 23-Oct-2014
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTE
R NO.
PARTICULER PAGE
NO
PART-I DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF EGYPT
1 INTRODUCTION OF EYGPT 1 to 3
LANGUAGE
CAPITAL OF EGYPT
THE RIVERNILE
HISTORY
LOCATION OF EYGPT
CLIMATE OF EYGPT
2 DEMOGRAPHICS ANAYLISIS OF EYGPT 4 to 17
INTRODUCTION OF DEMOGRAPHICS
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF EYGPT
POPULATION OF EGYPT
FERTILITY RATE
CIA WORLD FACTBOOK DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS
RELIGION
EDUCATION
HUMAN RIGHTS IN EGYPT
FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND FREEDOM OF THEPRESS
STATUS OF WOMEN:-
CONDITIONS FOR DETAINEES AND TORTURE:-
EMPLOYMENT
UNEMPLOYMENT
PART-II MINING INDUSTRY AND ITS ROLE IN OF EGYPT
3 INTRODUCTION OF SECTOR EGYPT
EGYPT MINING RESOURCES
EGYPT MINING COMPANY/MINING PROJECTS
ACTIVITIES IN MINING INDUSTRY IN EGYPT
4 COMPARATIVE POSITION OF SELECTED INDUSTRY
WITH INDIA ANG GUJARAT
OBJECTIVE
MINING DEVELOPMENT IN EGYPT
PRESENT RELATION IN MINING SECTOR WITH INDIA
OPPORTUNITIES IN MINING SECTOR IN EGYPT
POSSIBLE AREA FOR INVESTMENT IN MINERAL
INDUSTRY IN EGYPT
PRESENT POSITION IN MINING SECTOR IN EGYPT
EXTERNAL FACTORS IMPACTING THE MINING SECTOR
BETWEEN INDIA AND EGYPT
5 POLICY AND NORMS OF EGYPT FOR MINING INDUSTRY
NATIONAL MINERAL POLICY IN INDIA
IMPORTANT MINERALS - THEIR LEASING POLICY
PRESENT TRADE BARRIER FOR IMPORT/EXPORT
BETWEEN EGYPT AND INDIA.
POSSIBILITES IN MININIG IMPORT/EXPORT IN EGYPT
6 CONCLUTION
7 SUGGETION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION OF EYGPT
Founded more than 5,000 years ago, Egypt is fascinating for the lovers of ancient
mysteries and wonders. It was the home to some of the most developed ancient
civilizations.Officially, Egypt is known as the Arab Republic of Egypt. Spread over
390,000 square miles, Egypt, or the Arab Republic of Egypt, has a population of
almost 80 million. Thus, it is the most populated country in the Middle East. The per
capita nominal GDP is estimated at $6,347, which is quite high for the Arab region.
Egyptian Pounds is the official national currency and is divided into 100 Piastres
(currently - May 2007, one US Dollar gets you about 5.7 Egyptian Pounds). Even
though Egypt was established a republic, it was under Emergency Law since 1967.
In 2011, however, a mass revolution that influenced similar sentiments in the
neighboring countries, resulted in the end of a 30-year-long dictatorship rule.
The immigrant population has brought an influx of Greek, Armenian, and Italian.
Egypt has been home to some of the world’s earliest civilizations, as well as the
birthplace of written language and many of the important modern inventions. Ancient
intriguing wonders – like the pyramids of Giza, the Great Sphinx, the Hieroglyphs;
and the ruins of Karnak, Memphis, the Valley of Kings – draw a large number of
tourists and researchers alike.Despite the country’s association with the oldest of
wonders, the Egyptian economy remains very modern and developed among the
entire Middle East region. Sectors such as industry, service, tourism and agriculture
hold an important place. However, the strongest industries are based on oil, hydro
power and natural gas.
1.1 LANGUAGE :-
The official language is Arabic, but English is widely spoken in commerce and
government While the official language is Modern Standard Arabic, the regional
flavors of the language dominate among the people.
The official language of the Republic is Modern Standard Arabic. The spoken
languages are: Egyptian Arabic (68%), Saidi Arabic (29%), Eastern Egyptian Bedawi
Arabic (1.6%), Sudanese Arabic (0.6%), Domari (0.3%), Nobiin (0.3%), Beja (0.1%),
Siwi and others. Additionally, Greek, Armenian and Italian are the main languages of
immigrants. In Alexandria in the 19th century there was a large community of Italian
Egyptians and Italian was the "lingua franca" of the city.
Languages %
Egyptian Arabic (68%),
Sa'idi Arabic (29%),
Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic (1.6%)
Sudanese Arabic (0.6%)
Domari (0.3%)
Nobiin (0.3%)
Beja (0.1%),
The main taught foreign languages in schools are English, French, German and
sometimes Italian.
Area: Egypt has a maximum length from north to south of about 1085 km (about 675
mi) and a maximum width, near the southern border, of about 1255 km (about 780
mi). It has a total area of 997,739 sq km (385,229 sq mi).
Membership: Egypt is a member of the UN, OAU, the Arab League, OPEC and
Organization of the Islamic Conference
Official Name: Arab Republic of Egypt
Currency: The unit of currency is the Egyptian pound. The Egyptian pound is written
E£, and is divided into 100 piastres.
Egypt Time difference: GMT + 2 ( GMT + 3 in summer)
1.2 CAPITAL OF EGYPT :-
Cairo , is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world and Africa,
and the 16th largest metropolitan area in the world. It was founded in the year
969 A.D. making it 1,042 years old. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand
Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a
centre of the region's political and cultural life.
Pyramids and the Sphinx in Cairo
1.3 THE RIVER NILE :-
The River Nile is about 6,670 km (4,160 miles) in length and is the longest river in
Africa and in the world. Although it is generally associated with Egypt, only 22% of
the Nile’s course runs through Egypt.
1.4 LOCATION OF EGYPT :-
Most of the country lies in Africa. Officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, a
country in north-eastern Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the
north, Israel and the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya to
the west. The principal geographic feature of the country is the Nile River.
1.5 CLIMATE OF EGYPT :-
The climate of Egypt is characterized by a hot season from May to September
and a cool season from November to March. However, the northern winds are
a welcome respite and do a good job of keeping the temperatures slightly
moderated. In the coastal regions, average annual temperatures vary from a
maximum of 37° C to a minimum of 14° C. The most humid area is along the
Mediterranean coast, where the average annual rainfall is about 200 mm.
Rainfall decreases rapidly towards the south; Cairo receives on average only
25 mm of rain a year, and in many desert locations it may rain only once in
several years.
CHAPTER – 2
DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
OF EGYPT
COUNTRY PROJECT - EYGPT
2.1 INTRODUCTION OF DEMOGRAPHICS :-
Demographics are the most recent statistical characteristics of a population.
Commonly examined demographics include gender, race, age, disabilities,
mobility, home ownership, employment status, and even location.
Demographic trends describe the historical changes in demographics in a
population over time (for example, the average age of a population may
increase or decrease over time). Both distributions and trends of values within
a demographic variable are of interest. Demographics are about the
population of a region and the culture of the people there.
2.1.1 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF EGYPT :-
Demographics of Egypt is very interesting. In Africa, the country of Egypt
comes second in population. The population mainly settled near the River
Nile. Egypt has been a center of ancient civilization of the world. In
demographic terms, it was the third largest country in the Middle East after
Turkey and Iran
The rate of population growth in Egypt has fallen as it experiences
demographic transition, along with many other countries in the Middle East
and the developing world. Despite this the absolute annual increase in the
population currently exceeds one million and the number of people reaching
working age and entering the labor market each year is enormous. The
increase in female participation in the labor force has been a major factor
behind the decline in fertility, but it has also increased pressures in the job
market
According to the Peterson Institute for International Economics and other
proponets of demog raphic structural approach (cliodynamics), the
basic problem Egypt has is unemployment driven by a demographic youth
bulge: with the number of new people entering the job force at about 4% a
year, unemployment in Egypt is almost 10 times as high for college graduates
as it is for people who have gone through elementary school, particularly
educated urban youth, who are precisely those people that were seen out in
the streets during 2011 Egyptian revolution.
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COUNTRY PROJECT - EYGPT
2.1.2 POPULATION OF EGYPT :-
The total population of Egypt according to a survey of April 2011 is
82,999,393. There are many ethnic groups who reside in the different parts of
Egypt.
81,121,077 - 2010
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators
Egypt is the most populous country in the Middle East and the third-most
populous on the African continent (after Nigeria and Ethiopia). People live in
three major regions of the country: Cairo and Alexandria and elsewhere along
the banks of the Nile; throughout the Nile delta, which fans out north of Cairo;
and along the Suez Canal. These regions are among the world's most
densely populated, containing an average of over 3,820 persons per square
mile (1,540 per km².), as compared to 181 persons per sq. mi. for the country
as a whole.
Small communities spread throughout the desert regions of Egypt are
clustered around oases and historic trade and transportation routes. The
government has tried with mixed success to encourage migration to newly
irrigated land reclaimed from the desert. However, the proportion of the
population living in rural areas has continued to decrease as people move to
the cities in search of employment and a higher standard of living
TABLE 1: POPULATION, 1980-2020 (MNS.)
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COUNTRY PROJECT - EYGPT
Time Millions Increase % change
1980 43.749 6.519 3.2
1985 49.748 5.999 2.6
1990 56.227 6.479 2.7
1995 61.991 5.764 2.0
2000 67.884 5.893 1.9
2005 73.807 5.923 1.7
2010 81.121 7.314 1.1
2011 82.999 1.878 1
Population
6.519 5.999 6.479 5.764 5.893 5.923 7.3141.878
43.74949.748
56.22761.991
67.88473.807
81.121 82.999
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011
Series1
Series2
1980-85 1985-90 1990-951995-
20002000-05f 2005-10f
2015-
2020f
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COUNTRY PROJECT - EYGPT
Crude birth
rate/100038.8 34.8 28.9 26.6 23.3 20.4 18.6
Death rate/1000 12.7 9.6 7.9 6.8 6.1 5.7 5.7
Population
growth rate %2.57 2.45 1.95 1.82 1.67 1.43 1.26
Fertility 5.06 4.58 3.80 3.40 2.88 2.36 2.10
Population
increase,
(1000s,annual)
1,200 1,295 1,154 1,179 1,184 1,091 1,033
Table 2: Population Trends, 1980-2020
Table 2 provides explanations for the changes noted above. The crude birth
rate has fallen continuously, largely due to reductions in fertility. The sharp fall
in the death rate, as a result of improvements in health, meant that the
balance between the birth and death rates--the population growth rate--
declined more slowly than the birth rate. Life expectancy increased which
meant that the share of the elderly in total population rose. Infant mortality
also declined from 115 deaths per thousand live births at the beginning of the
1980s to 65 at the end of the 1990s. Part of the decline in infant mortality was
due to the fall in fertility rates and the increased period of time between births
that resulted.
The balance is expected to change over the coming twenty years: birth rates are
expected to continue decelerating while death rates remain fairly stable. Because the
size of the population has increased, the lower population growth rate will barely
affect the absolute numbers added to the population each year. In the period 1980-
85, the average annual addition to the population was 1.2 million. In 2000-2005 it is
forecast at 1.184 million--a fall of only 1.3 percent. In 2015-2020 the annual absolute
increase is forecast at 1.033 million, only 14 percent less than in 1980-85.
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COUNTRY PROJECT - EYGPT
2.1.3 FERTILITY RATE :-
Total fertility rate: 2.97 children born/woman (2011 est.)
Definition: This entry gives a figure for the average number of children that
would be born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing
years and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Egypt 3.15 3.07 2.99 3.02 2.95 2.88 2.83 2.77 2.72 2.66 3.01 2.97
Table 3: Fertility Rates by Female Educational Level,
1995-
2000
2000-
20052005-2010
Uneducated 5.69 5.03 4.57
Incomplete primary 4.74 3.98 3.72
Complete primary, and partial secondary 3.68 3.01 3.07
Secondary and above 2.99 2.91 3.00
The current fertility rate is well above that which would result in a stabilization
of the population. Fertility rates are higher in Upper Egypt, especially in poor,
rural regions. One third of the population and half of Egypt's poor live in Upper
Egypt. It is also the area with the highest infant mortality rates, 36 percent
above the national average. The fall in fertility has not translated into a lower
absolute number of births. This is because the number of women of
reproductive age (15-49) increased, from 25.7 percent of the total population
in 1986 to 26.5 percent in 1996 and is forecast to go on rising until 2005 at
least. Between 2000 and 2005 their number is forecast to rise by two million
(see Table 4).
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COUNTRY PROJECT - EYGPT
In 1976, women accounted for 7.3 percent of the labor force aged 15
years and over. Ten years later this had increased to 9.1 percent; and in
1996, it reached 13.4 percent.(8) This is part of a trend that is evident in much
of the Arab world and is of major significance. The fact that women
increasingly went to work outside the home meant that they could not afford to
have so many children. This was in part because the cost of maintaining
children rose as welfare benefits were reduced under the impact of IMF and
World Bank economic stabilization programs. It was also due to the need to
maintain the real income of the family at a time when real earnings were
falling. Women went to work in order to increase total family income; they had
fewer children in order to increase income per family member.
According to the International Organization for Migration, an estimated 2.7
million Egyptians live abroad and contribute actively to the development of
their country through remittances (US$ 7.8 in 2009), circulation of human and
social capital, as well as investment.
Approximately 70% of Egyptian migrants live in Arab countries (923,600 in
Saudi Arabia, 332,600 in Libya, 226,850 in Jordan, 190,550 in Kuwait with the
rest elsewhere in the region) and the remaining 30 % are living mostly North
America (318,000 in the United States, 110,000 in Canada) and Europe
(90,000 in Italy).
The country was host to many different communities during the colonial
period, including Greeks, Italians, Syrians, Jews and Armenians, though most
either left or were compelled to leave after political developments in the
1950s. The country still hosts some 90,000 refugees and asylum seekers,
mostly Palestinians and Sudanese.
2.1.4 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS :-
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COUNTRY PROJECT - EYGPT
Age structure :
0-14 years: 31.8% (male 13,292,961/female 12,690,711)
15-64 years: 63.5% (male 26,257,440/female 25,627,390)
65 years and over: 4.7% (male 1,636,560/female 2,208,455) (2008 est.)
0-14 years: 33% (male 13,308,407/female 12,711,900)
15-64 years: 62.7% (male 25,138,546/female 24,342,230)
65 years and over: 4.3% (male 1,546,774/female 1,818,778) (2010 est.)
Median Age :
Total: 24.3 (2011 est.)
Male: 24 (2011 est.)
Female: 24.6 (2011 est.)
Population growth rate :
According to the OECD/World Bank statistics population growth in Egypt from
1990 to 2008 was 23.7 million and 41 %.
Current growth rate is 1.96% (2011 est.)
Birth rate :
25.43 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Death rate :
4.82 deaths/1,000 population (2011 est.)
Net migration rate :
-0.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.)
Urbanization :
urban population: 43.4% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization: 2.1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
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COUNTRY PROJECT - EYGPT
Gander ratio :
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64
years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female total
population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
Infant mortality rate :
Total: 25.2 deaths/1,000 live births
Male: 26.8 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 23.52 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.)
Life expectancy at birth :
Total population: 72.66 years
Male: 70.07 years
Female: 75.38 years (2011 est.)
Total fertility rate :
2.97 children born/woman (2011 est.)
Ratio of female :
1.017
Education expenditures :
3.8% of GDP (2008)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight :
6.8% (2008)
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COUNTRY PROJECT - EYGPT
2.1.5 Religion :-
Out of the total population, the percentage of the Egyptian is 89 %. The other ethnic
groups of Egypt occupy only 1 % of the total population. Rest of the population is
occupied by European people mainly of French and Italian origin. The religion
followed by the people of Egypt is Islam. 90% of the population is Muslim dominated
and the Coptic occupies only 10 %. Only a negligible percentage of the population is
comprised of the Christians. An estimated 1 million people belong to the Greek
Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Armenian, and various Protestant churches.
Muslim 90% (Mostly Sunni)
Christianity 10%
Bahá'í: fewer than 2,000 individuals (< 0.003%).
Judaism: fewer than 200 individuals.
The ethnic groups in Egypt are:
Nubian (ca. 300,000 in 1996)
Berbers (ca. 5,000)
Beja (ca. 1 million),
Dom (ca. 230,000 in 1996)
Greeks (ca. 400,000~ 18,000,000)
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COUNTRY PROJECT - EYGPT
2.1.6 EDUCATION :-
In 1966, illiteracy in Egypt was estimated at more than 70%; in 1995, it was
48.6% (males, 36.4%; females, 61.2%). For the year 2000, projected adult
illiteracy rates stand at 44.7% (males, 33.4%; females, 56.3%). In 1952,
primary schools had space for only about half the school-age children.
However, marked progress has been achieved since then. By 1998 there
were 7,499,303 students and 310,116 teachers in primary schools. At the
secondary level, there were 4,385,938 students in general education, with
259,618 teachers. The pupil-teacher ratio at the primary level was 23 to 1 as
of 1999. In the same year, 93% of primary-school-age children were enrolled
in school, while 80% of those eligible attended secondary school.
The Education Act of 1953 provided free and compulsory education for all
children between the ages of 6 and 12. Preparatory schools offer three-year
courses leading to a basic-education completion certificate, which is the
entrance requirement for three-year courses in secondary schools. The
curriculum was updated in 1995 and includes a greater emphasis on
vocational training, as well as on physics and foreign languages. The general
secondary education certificate entitles the holder to enter a university. A
majority of primary-school graduates continue their education in preparatory,
secondary, or vocational schools.
A decree of 23 July 1962 provided free tuition at all Egyptian universities.
The traditional center for religious education in the Muslim world is Al-Azhar in
Cairo, which in 1983 celebrated 1,000 years of teaching as the oldest
continuously operating school in the world. Al-Azhar offers instruction in three
faculties and 14 affiliated institutes and maintains its own primary and
secondary schools. There are a total of 13 universities, and numerous
institutes of higher learning. Egypt's universities had a total of 850,051
students in 1996. Universities and equivalent institutions had a faculty of
38,828 in 1994.
There is also the American University in Cairo, which offers a wide range of
undergraduate and graduate courses, as well as an American school in Cairo
and one in Alexandria. The American Research Center in Cairo is supported
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COUNTRY PROJECT - EYGPT
by US universities and museums. It was established in 1948 to encourage the
exchange of archaeologists and other researchers in almost all fields of
interest.
Adult education, under the Ministry of Education, is increasingly important.
Since 1993 the government conducted a campaign against illiteracy. Business
firms are required to combat illiteracy among their employees. Recent
university graduates are being hired to lead literacy classes, and armed forces
recruits are also expected to teach. In addition, the government has set up
3,000 one-class schools to teach a nontraditional study plan. These schools
are aimed at girls who are unlikely to attend formal schooling, and as a result,
are likely to remain illiterate. The schools provide vocational training and
lessons on income generating businesses, in addition to the more traditional
classes in Arabic, religion, sciences and arithmetic. As of 1999, public
expenditure on education was estimated at 4.7% of GDP.
2.2 HUMAN RIGHTS IN EGYPT :-
The state of human rights in Egypt remains poor due to repressive
government policies and brutal government crackdowns.
2.2.1 FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND FREEDOM OF THE
PRESS:-
The Press Law, Publications Law, and the penal code regulate and govern
the press. According to these, criticism of the president can be punished by
fines or imprisonment. Freedom House deems Egypt to have an unfree press,
although mentions they have a diversity of sources. Reporters Without
Borders 2006 report indicates continued harassment and, in three cases,
imprisonment, of journalists. They place Egypt 143rd out of 167 nations on
press freedoms.
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COUNTRY PROJECT - EYGPT
2.2.2 STATUS OF WOMEN:-
The Ministry of Health issued a decree in 1996 declaring female circumcision
unlawful and punishable under the Penal Code, and according to UNICEF the
prevalence of women who have had this procedure has slowly declined from
a baseline of 97% of women aged 15–49 since 1995. According to a report in
the British Medical Journal BMJ, "[t]he issue came to prominence...when the
CNN television news channel broadcast a program me featuring a young girl
being circumcised by a barber in Cairo. ...Shocked at the images shown
worldwide, the Egyptian president was forced to agree to push legislation
through the People's Assembly to ban the operation.". Despite the ban, the
procedure continues to be practiced in Egypt and remains controversial.
2.2.3 CONDITIONS FOR DETAINEES AND TORTURE:-
According to the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights, 701 cases of
torture at Egyptian police stations have been documented since 1985, with
204 victims dying of torture and mistreatment. The group contends that crimes
of torture `occur in Egyptian streets in broad daylight, at police checkpoints,
and in people's homes in flagrant violation of the people's dignity and
freedom.
A 2005 report of the National Council for Human Rights, chaired by former UN
secretary-general and former Egyptian deputy prime minister Boutros
Boutros-Ghali, cites instances of torture of detainees in Egyptian prisons and
describes the deaths while in custody of 9 individuals as, "regrettable
violations of the right to life." The report called for "an end to [a] state of
emergency, which has been in force since 1981, saying it provided a loophole
by which the authorities prevent some Egyptians enjoying their right to
personal security.
2.3 EMPLOYMENT :-
Where will the jobs come from? Where have they been created in recent years?
Table 2 gives the breakdown of employment by sector in 1988 and 1998. Agriculture
was the largest single sector supplying an extra 1.2 million jobs. Next came the
private, non-agricultural sector where employment increased by 1.7 million. The
share of the state in total employment increased despite the liberalization and
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COUNTRY PROJECT - EYGPT
privatization programs. The fall of employment in state owned enterprises was more
than outweighed by an increase in that of the civil service.
Table : Employment by Sector, 1998-2010
1998 2008 2010
(no. 000s) (%) (no. 000s) (%) (growth %)
Government 2,974 19.0 4,794 23.9 61.2
State-owned
enterprises1,294 8.6 1,043 5.2 -19.4
Total state sector 4,323 27.6 5,837 29.1 35.0
Agriculture 6,643 42.4 7,817 39.0 17.7
Private sector,
non-agricultural4,707 30.0 6,377 31.8 35.5
Of which:
manufacturing,
mining & utilities
883 5.3 1,339 6.7 51.6
Total 15,673 100.0 20,031 100.0 27.8
The Egyptian bureaucracy has expanded rapidly since independence. For instance,
in the period 1988-98 alone, and despite reforms, the civil service grew rapidly from
2.974 million to 4.794 million while employment in the rest of the public sector fell
from 1.349 million to 1.043 million.
Courbage suggests that female employment replaced rental income (that earned
from the sale of minerals and oil) throughout the Arab world. In Morocco, for
instance, income from phosphates collapsed in 1975. In order to supplement its
income, the government increased taxation and encouraged women to work outside
of the home. In the years after 1975--more as a result of real economic incentives
rather than just government propaganda--Moroccan women increasingly participated
in the labor force and the demographic transition gathered momentum. As rental
incomes (especially from oil) fell elsewhere in the Arab world in the 1980s and
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COUNTRY PROJECT - EYGPT
1990s,the same patterns became apparent.(9) This was also true for Egypt when
rental incomes declined in the 1980s.
2.3.1 UNEMPLOYMENT :-
Unemployment rate: 9% (2010 est.)
9.4% (2009 est.)
Definition:
This entry contains the percent of the labor force that is without jobs. Substantial
underemployment might be noted.
Source: CIA World Fact book - Unless otherwise noted, information in this
page is accurate as of October 14, 2011
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COUNTRY PROJECT - EYGPT
YearUnemployment
rate
Percent
Change
1990 8.044
1991 8.791 9.29 %
1992 8.952 1.83 %
1993 10.911 21.88 %
1994 11.143 2.13 %
1995 11.176 0.30 %
1996 9.467 -15.29 %
1997 8.671 -8.41 %
1998 7.955 -8.26 %
1999 7.692 -3.31 %
2000 8.995 16.94 %
2001 8.808 -2.08 %
2002 10.05 14.10 %
2003 11.275 12.19 %
2004 10.526 -6.64 %
2005 11.468 8.95 %
2006 10.917 -4.80 %
2007 9.205 -15.68 %
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COUNTRY PROJECT - EYGPT
2008 8.78 -4.62 %
2009 9.523 8.46 %
2010 8.987 -5.63 %
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 210
4
8
12
Unemployment Rate
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COUNTRY PROJECT - EYGPT
PART-II
MINING INDUSTRY AND ITS ROLE
IN ECONOMY OF EGYPT
24
COUNTRY PROJECT - EYGPT
CHAPTER-3
INTRODUCTION OF SECTOR EGYPT
Mining in Egypt has had a long history that goes back to predynastic times. Egypt has
substantial mineral resources, including 48 million tons of tantalite (fourth largest in the
world), 50 million tons of coal, and an estimated 6.7 million ounces of gold in the
Eastern Desert. The total real value of minerals mined was about £E102 million
(US$18.7 million) in 1986, up from £E60 million (US$11 million) in 1981 The chief
minerals in terms of volume output were iron ore, phosphates, and salt. The quantities
produced in 1986 were estimated at 2,048, 1,310, and 1,233 tons, respectively,
compared with 2,139, 691, and 883 tons in 1981. In addition, minor amounts of
asbestos (313 tons) and quartz (19 tons) were mined in 1986. Preliminary exploration in
Sinai indicated the presence of zinc, tin, lead, and copper deposits.
Gold
Interest has been shown in the southeast of Egypt where numerous ancient gold
workings exist in banded iron formations and metavolcanics. The only active foreign
company in Egypt is by Australian firm Centamin Egypt and the EGMSA. The Sukari
project has a total resource of 37 Mt grading 1.46g/t for 1.66 Moz gold (using a 0.5 g/t
cutoff). The Egyptian Government have issued Centamin the rights to develop the
deposit. Centamin has a widening portfolio of interests in Egypt; apart from achieving
100% (up from 65%) of the Sukari project. Centamin has acquired several substantial
gold and base metal projects. These are the Barramyia, Fawakhir and Semna gold
prospects, each having the potential of hosting multi million ounce gold deposits and the
Abu Marawat and Hamama gold and base metal massive sulphide prospects with good
potential.
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COUNTRY PROJECT - EYGPT
Heavy Mineral Sands
The Nile delta could become the source of heavy mineral sand deposits of ilmenite and
zircon. Centamin and Kara Gold have an interest in Egyptian Pharaoh Investment (EPI)
that are currently assessing the Rosetta heavy mineral sands project, located
approximately 60km east of Alexandria. EPI have estimated that the Rosetta resource
contains as much as 37 Mt of heavy mineral sands.
Other
Egyptian iron ore is mined in El Gedida area of El Bahariya Oasis in the Western
Desert. The nearly 3 Mt/year produced from this deposit is destined for Hadisolb’s
Helwan Iron and Steel Works near Cairo. This production provides about three-quarters
of Egypt’s demand. Although an importer of iron ore, several high-grade deposits have
been identified to the southeast of Aswan.
3.1 Egypt Mining Resources
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Mining Industry of Egypt - Egypt has substantial mineral resources, including
48 million tons of tantalite (fourth largest in the world), 50 million tons of coal, and
an estimated 6.7 million ounces of gold in the Eastern Desert.
Industrial and Mining Projects Council - Industrial and mining projects council
welcomes visitors to its site which contain activities and services provided by it to
participate in Egyptian industrial development by different researches, design,
drawings, and engineering supervising needed for industrial and mining projects
in Egypt.
Egypt Mining News - Egypt Mining News. Service for global professionals.
Constantly updated news and information about Egypt.
Mining-Technology.com - The website for the mining, tunnelling and quarrying
industries.
Egyptian Geological Survey and Mining Authority (EGSMA) - The Egyptian
Geological Survey and Mining Authority (EGSMA) is the authority entrusted with
the geological mapping of the country and to explore, discover and evaluate its
mineral wealth
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The reserves of economic minerals
Limenite Magnetite Hematite Zircon Rutile Garnet Monazite Sulphides0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
2087
1437
214 81 29 72 31 86
(in 1000 tons):
3.2 ACTIVITIES IN MINING INDUSTRY IN EGYPT
Egypt's main mining activity revolves around the extraction of crude oil. The country is
not a major producer of oil, and its reserves are small by regional standards. According
to the EIU Country Profile for 2000-01, oil reserves were estimated at around 3.8 billion
barrels in July 2000; in comparison, Saudi Arabia has over 260 billion barrels of proven
and unproven reserves. Until 1998, Egypt produced an average of 880,000 barrels a
day of crude oil, the majority of which was refined domestically, but production has
steadily declined since 1998, mainly due to the depletion of the main oil fields. In July
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1998, production reached 840,000 barrels a day, but had declined to 787,660 barrels a
day in 1999.
Despite declining production, however, oil remains a significant source of government
revenue and export earnings. The decline in crude oil exports in recent years has been
mainly due to rising domestic demand and depressed world oil prices in 1998. As a
result, crude oil exports, which accounted for 55 percent of overall export earnings in
1992-93, accounted for only one-quarter of overall export earnings in 1998-99.
3.3 Egypt Mining Companies / Mining Projects
Centamin Egypt Limited - Centamin Egypt Limited is a mineral exploration
development and mining company founded in Australia. The Company
operates the Sukari Hill Gold Mine in the Eastern Desert of Egypt.
SMW Gold - SMW Gold is a junior exploration and mining company
dedicated to development of economic, multi-million ounce deposits in
Egypt
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Minings
Agricu
lture
Govern
ment s
ervice
and other
servic
es
Trade fi
nance
and in
suran
ce
Transp
ortation an
d communica
tion
Constrution an
d buildings
Electr
isity a
nd wate
r0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00% 32.70%
14.70% 15.80%
21.40%
9.90%
3.80%1.80%
Contribution
CHAPTER-4
COMPARATIVE POSITION OF SELECTED INDUSTRY WITH INDIA
ANG GUJARAT
4.1 OBJECTIVE
Promote scientific exploration for expanding the mineral reserves in
India to its full potential (onshore and offshore)
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Ensure globally best, fair, transparent, and efficient process for the
mineral concession system
Enable sustainable mining
Address the needs of key stakeholders (States, industry, concerned
Ministries and departments, local communities)
4.2 PRESENT RELATION IN MINING SECTOR WITH INDIA
Indian companies are going abroad and acquiring other firms with similar profiles and
are also investing their assets overseas. From an offshore oil field in Australia to a steel
company in Thailand, Indian companies are making their presence felt across the
globe. Keeping in view the increasing demand and the scarcity of resources in India,
many Indian companies in the public sector are investing heavily in oil fields abroad.
To meet the ever increasing demand of this industry's products, especially oil and
petroleum products, some of India's state-owned oil firms, like ONGC, have already
acquired stakes in oil and gas fields in Russia, Sudan, Iraq, Libya, Egypt, Qatar, Ivory
Coast, Australia, Vietnam and Myanmar.
4.3 MINING DEVELOPMENT IN EGYPT
The objective of the EGS Mining Development program is to increase the contribution
made by the Egyptian mining sector to the growth and diversification of the national
economy, reduce reliance on imported raw materials, and encourage safe and
environmentally sensitive development of mining operations in Egypt.
Carrying out pre-feasibility studies of mineral resource locations using extensive drilling
campaigns and ore processing tests in the laboratory and on-site Advising on
investment opportunities and market requirements for specific mineral commodities
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Consulting on all aspects of exploitation methods and infrastructure, including mine
waste management, environmental impacts and after-use options Testing ores to refine
processing methods and investigate new raw materials for industrial processes
Compiling and publishing national mining statistics for Egypt including information on
mine locations and reserves, and on source, consumption and demand for each
commodity
4.3 OPPORTUNITIES IN MINING SECTOR IN EGYPT
Held back by bureaucracy and a mining law that hasn’t been updated since 1956,
Egypt’s mines are expected to receive renewed attention under the Egyptian Mineral
Resources Authority’s (EMRA) new chairman Fekry Youssef Mohamed, who has
ambitious plans for the sector to grow. Mohamed said he expects the mining sector to
constitute 5 – 6 percent to Egypt’s gross domestic product (GDP) over the next two to
three years, up from its current contribution of only 1 percent. Egypt is rich in gold,
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silver, copper, phosphates and coal, among other minerals. Its mines date back to
Pharaonic times when Egypt was a prolific gold producer.
Gold production came to a halt between 1958 and 2007, according to the Ministry of
Petroleum’s website. But in January 2010, Centamin Egypt, an Australian company
listed on the London and Toronto stock exchanges, began production at Sukari Hill in
the Eastern Desert. Only a handful of concession agreements have been signed since.
Mohamed expects this to change with a new five-year master plan and an updated
mining law that should come into force once a new government is elected. With a more
attractive institutional framework, he aims to sign 25 concession agreements by 2012.
He said the new mining law should create a win-win situation between the government
and investors. “The old regime had a different mentality… now we facilitate everything
for investors,”
Sukari has 14 million ounces of proven reserves; the goal is to increase this to 25
million ounces in the next five years. Eight mineral concession agreements were
awarded to four companies between 2007 and 2008. The companies, with two
concessions each, are: Canada’s Alexander Nubia, the AngloGold Ashanti and Thani
Dubai Mining joint venture, Cyprus’s Matz Holdings and Russia’s SMW Gold. As part of
the agreements, the exploration phase is to last till 2012, after which these companies
can sign a production sharing agreement with the government for a mine, Mohamed
said. Egypt has a total of 120 mines, all of which were used by the Pharoahs of ancient
Egypt.
Mohamed also plans on new bidding rounds. In the fourth quarter of 2011, he will invite
bids for exploring Egypt’s phosphate potential, and in the first quarter of 2012, a bidding
round for gold concessions is due to take place. Egypt’s phosphate belt is in the
Western Desert. New exploration in this area is expected to reach the Libyan border,
and will be limited to producing phosphates for domestic use, the chairman said. In
2010, Egypt earned US$10 million from gold production, the result of a 3 percent royalty
fee that the government gets from its production sharing agreement with Centamin, the
largest gold producer in the country.
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Mohamed was keen to point out that this money goes directly into a Commercial
International Bank account in Alexandria for the Sukari Gold Company, a joint venture
between Centamin and the government. Profits, he said, have not been smuggled
abroad, as some have suggested. Due to minimal production, Egypt’s gold is refined in
Canada. “We would like to refine gold in Egypt, but to build a refinery we need at least
two to three producing mines. This will come soon – after one or two concession
agreements have an exploitation lease we can start to have this refinery,” Mohamed
said.
According to press reports at the time, workers staged sit-ins to demand better pay, and
called for the Australian company to be replaced by an Egyptian one. Blasting
inspectors, who issue explosives and are required to be on site when Centamin blows
up rocks at its mine, showed up late, or sometimes didn’t show up at all.
4.4 Possible Areas for Investment in Mineral Industry in Egypt
The following areas are open for serious investment in the mineral industry, me
tallic commodities, in Egypt:
1) Mining and Mineral Processing of iron ores at: Uwaynat (Western Desert), Eastern
Desert, Baharya Oases, and Aswan.
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2) Integrated iron and steel industry.
3) Exploitation of ilmenite ores in the feasible areas.
4) Evaluation and exploitation of Beach Black Sands for their strategic hevy minerals.
5) Exploration, Mining, Processing, and Extraction of: gold, tin, tantalum, and
niobium.
4.5 PRESENT POSITION IN MINING SECTOR IN EGYPT
In 2008, the Egyptian mining equipment market was $540 million with an annual growth
of 40% over the last five years. The majority of mining equipment is imported from U.S.,
Europe, Australia, Russia, the Far East, while plastic pipes and abrasives used in this
industry are manufactured locally. The U.S. market share currently is 40% percent and
dominates the market for processing plants, and heavy-duty equipment such as drilling
rigs, tanks, trucks, loaders, bulldozers, excavators, shovels and cranes. The local
market is very receptive to U.S. equipment because of its excellent reputation and
resale value. Egypt is also becoming a commercial producer of gold and has more than
40 mineral ores. Egypt’s rich land offers iron residues in Baharia Oasis and the Eastern
Desert, Manganese, Gold, Titanium, Tungsten and Tin, Copper, Chrome, Phosphate,
Talc, Sulfur, Gypsum, Quartz, Potassium and Sodium Acids, Glass Sand, precious
stones and Ornament stones.
The Government is working on new legislation that will make Egypt more attractive to
foreign investors who are interested in operating in the Egyptian gold mining industry.
The current legislation requires foreign companies enter into joint ventures and
production sharing agreements with the government. The practice is common for the oil
and gas industry, but makes gold exploration a risky business. Mineral deposits are
harder to determine than oil and gas plots, making gold miners uneasy about entering
into long-term agreements without a comprehensive understanding of a block's
potential. Under the current system, more than half of a company's revenues go to the
Egyptian government.
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4.6 EXTERNAL FACTORS IMPACTING THE MINING SECTOR
BETWEEN INDIA AND EGYPT
Mining and metals sectors can play a critical role in the economic development,
attracting investment and employment generation in the country. The demand for
various metals and minerals will grow 4-5 times over the next 15 years (9-11%
growth per annum) against a backdrop of globally dwindling and increasingly
scarce resources. There will be huge demand for the metals in view of the rapid
urbanization and growth in the manufacturing sector in India. The mineral sector
needs to prepare for facing the challenges in view of increasing demand and
reducing resources world over. With the mineral potential in India, the
contribution of the mining sector in the GDP should aspire to increase from 2.3%
currently to around 7-8% over 20 years. The mining sector needs to play a major
role if India has to realize the potential growth of 9% per annum in the coming
years.
Development of the minerals potential could also help in mainstreaming the local
communities (including tribal communities ) by sharing the economic benefits of
mining related activities with them in a fair and equitable manner through
mechanism that give them choices and enable them to adopt changes at a pace
of their choosing . Most of the mineral potential areas are in the interior tribal
areas of India , where the development is the lowest .
CHAPTER-5
Policies and Norms of Egypt for Mining industry for import / export
including licensing / permission, taxation etc
The Mining Policy Reform Project aims at increasing private investment opportunities in
Egypt’s mining sector. The project team works closely with the Ministry, EMRA and
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other stakeholders of the country’s mining industry. Over the lifetime of 12 - 15 months,
the project will cover three phases:
Diagnostic/Assessment
Re-design/Re-engineering
Implementation
The following are the components under investigation during these phases:
Legal & Policy Framework
Fiscal Framework
Institutional Structure of EMRA
Administrative Procedures
. Following these reforms, IFC plansto assist the GoE in organizing a promotional
conference
A key feature of this project is to inject international best practice and hands on
experience in countries that successfully implemented mining reform through
international mining experts. The project will also engage the different public and private
sector stakeholders through seminars and workshops during the different phases of the
project to raise the general awareness in the public about these ongoing reform efforts.
5.1 NATIONAL MINERAL POLICY IN INDIA
OBJECTIVES OF THE NEW MINERAL POLICY
(a) To explore mineral wealth of the State expeditiously by adopting modern exploration
techniques particularly in the tribal, desert and remote areas.
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(b) To exploit mineral deposits by promoting adoption of mechanised and scientific
mining with due regard to the conversation of minerals mines safety and environmental
aspects.
(c) Value addition through promotion of processing units and mineral based industries in
the State.
(d) To encourage export of minerals having export potential.
(e) To promote development of human resources to meet the requirements of mining
and mineral based industries.
The National Mineral Policy
(a) Thirteen minerals viz. Iron ore, manganese, chrome, sulphur, gold, diamond, copper,
lead, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, nickel and platinum group of minerals have been
deleted from the list of minerals which had earlier been reserved for exclusive
exploitation by the public sector, These minerals are now open for exploitation by the
private sector.
(b) Foreign investment and technology will be encouraged. Ceiling on foreign equality in
the mining industry has been raised to 50% in the equity of Indian companies engaged
in mining activities.
(c) Mineral and metal processing units which wish to develop captive mines to secure
assured supplies of raw material will also be allowed foreign equity participation in the
manner and to the extent already permitted to such processing units. a
5.2 IMPORTANT MINERALS - THEIR LEASING POLICY
Leasing policy for certain minerals such as lignite, steel grade limestone, cement grade
limestone, gypsum, base metal deposits, granite, marble, Kota stone, state stone,
wollastonite and brick earth shall be as follows :
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(1) LIGNITE
Search and exploration of lignite is the State during the last twelve years has resulted in
the discovery of several lignite deposits in Bikaner, Nagaur and Barmer districts and a
total of over 1000 million tonnes of this mineral has been proved so far. The important
deposits of lignite are located at Palana, Gurha, Barsinghsar and Bithnok in Bikaner,
Merta road and Kasnau-lgyar in Nagaur and Kapurdi, Jalipa and Giral in Barmer
district.4 The State being power deficient, deposits of Palana, Gurha, Barsinghsar and
Bithnok in Bikaner and Kapurdi and Jalipa in Barmer district have been reserved for
power generation.
(2) STEEL GRADE LIMESTONE
Extensive deposits of steel grade limestone have been located near village Sanu in
Jaisalmer district where total reserves of over 550 million tonnes have so far been
proved. This is the most important source of steel grade limestone available in the
country for the supply too various steel plants. M/s RSMDC and M/s RSMML have been
appointed as State Government's agents to mine & supply S.M.S. grade limestone from
two block sets out for the purpose. The State Government has decided, whereby,
mining of SMS grade limestone Company, a company to be jointly formed by equity
participation of Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL), Hindustan Zinc Ltd., RSMDC and
M/s RSMML.
(3) CEMENT GRADE LIMESTONE
Rajasthan in endowed with vast resources of limestone with estimated reserves of abut
7000 million tonnes. The important limestone bearing areas within the State are located
in the districts of Chittorgarh, Bundi, Bhilwara, Kta, Nagaur, Pali, jaisalmer, Jodhpur,
Jaipur, Banswara etc
. This policy has resulted in the establishment of 11 major, 27 medium and a large
number of mini cement plants contributing about 10% of the country's total production of
cement. The Government intends to continue this policy. Several major cement plants
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based on limestone deposits of Shambhupura, Gudia-Deoli, Kotra, Amli, Rass, Bilara,
Nagaur and Jaisalmer areas are likely to come up in near future.
(4) GRANITE
Granite mining industry has so far been largely confide to the States of Andha Pradesh,
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, Recently. Granite mining has also started in Uttar Pradesh,
Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan . In Rajasthan . In Rajasthan , a number of
workable deposits of granite have been located in Jalore, Barmer, Sirohi, Pali, Ajmer,
Jaipur, Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Dausa, Alwar, Tonk, Bhilwara, Rajsamand, Udaipur,
Dungarpur, Banswara, Chittorgarh and Sawai Madhopur districts.
The State Government has formulated a new policy for granting mining leases of granite
over the plots delineated by the Department, with a view to ensure systematic mining
through deployment, of proper machinery and equipment and to promote the export of
processed granite. Under this policy , preferential allotment has been provided to
entrepreneurs who have installed or who propose to install export printed processing
units in a stipulated period.
The existing size of granite plots shall be increased from 100m * 100m to 150m *150m
or 2.25 hectares, This would further facilitate modernisation and mechanisation of
granite mines.
(5) MARBLE
Rajasthan with the total estimated reserves of about 1000 million tonnes, contributes
about 90% of the country's production of this decorative stone. Important deposits of
marble occur in Nagaur (Makrana), Rajsamand, Banswara, Dungarpur, Udaipur, Sirohi,
Jaipur, Alwar, Ajmer and Chittorgarh districts. About 10% of the Department's income
deom rents and royalties is obtained from this mineral alone.
5.3 PRESENT TRADE BARRIER FOR IMPORT/EXPORT BETWEEN
EGYPT AND INDIA.
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Insufficient exploration,
Unattractive investment environment,
Lack of a clear system for disposal of government prospected
mineral ore bodies,
Poor performance of State Directorates of Mining and Geology
Perception of mining in terms of ecological & environment
practices,
Delays and uncertainty in the approval process,
Inadequate supporting infrastructure and insufficient legislative framework (Act
and Rules) and poor enforcement.
Social issues are becoming more prominent and are likely to impose constraints
on mining, if not addressed within a holistic framework. These areas out of a
feeling that benefits from mining related activities are not flowing for local area
development and in fact revenue generated from mining is channelized for
development of other parts in the State.
Investors are concerned about risk mitigation, transparent rules, government
involvement, clear definition of rights and titles. Agreement structures built
around oil and gas operations are also uncommon, not matching the experiences
of the international mining industry in other mining countries around the world.
5.4 POSSIBILITES IN MININIG IMPORT/EXPORT IN EGYPT
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Sukari’s production for 2011 is expected to be 200,000-210,000 ounces, though its
target is to produce 250,000 ounces per year. Since 2010, it has produced more than 9
tons of gold in total. The uprisings that began in January and toppled former president
Hosni Mubarak’s regime did affect operations at Sukari.
In the past few years, the Egyptian government has embarked on trade liberalisation at
the unilateral, bilateral and regional levels. Tariff reforms in September 2004 cut the
average weighted rate from 14.6 to 9.1 per cent, reduced the number of tariffs from 27
to 6 and abolished fees and surcharges. Egypt belongs to the Common Market for
Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and the Greater Arab Free Trade Area
(GAFTA). It has also signed the Agadir Accord with Tunisia, Morocco and Jordan which
liberalised trade among the four countries on 1 January 2005. An association
agreement with the EU came into force on 1 January 2004. Egypt also has special
relations with the United States under the Trade and Investment Framework Agreement
(TIFA) and recently began negotiating with other bilateral partners such as Turkey and
Russia.
CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION
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Egypt has very good mineral resources, including 48 million tons of tantalite (fourth
largest in the world), 50 million tons of coal, and an estimated 6.7 million ounces of gold
in the Eastern Desert. Egypt is rich in gold, silver, copper, phosphates and coal, among
other minerals. Its mines date back to Pharaonic times when Egypt was a prolific gold
producer.
Although Egypt is characterized by a very attractive geology, private sector exploration
and exploitation activities, major mining companies do not consider Egypt as an
attractive opportunity.
To meet the ever increasing demand of this industry's products, especially in mining
products they need some liberalization in tax and policy regarding minings. They have
to also focus on manpower development and research in Mining products. If they focus
regarding all this things than they can create Good market in mining industry.
The mineral resources in Egypt are plenty. However, it could be multiples of the known
reserves if the appropri-ate subsurface exploration technology is used. Extrapola-tion of
the available geological data suggests that with some additional geological efforts, clear
ideas could be obtained about new mineral findings and/or extension of the existing
deposits. As has been presented above, the simple primitive mining and mineral
processing tech-niques limit the production capacity and produce inferior quality
products, which lead to waste of resource, high cost of extraction, and low quality
product.
CHAPTER-7
SUGGETION
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Egypt is very rich in gold production. Egypt has substantial mineral resources, including
48 million tons of tantalite (fourth largest in the world), 50 million tons of coal, and an
estimated 6.7 million ounces of gold in the Eastern Desert.
Still it cannot create attractive market in mining industry. So there are some suggestions
for improving and developing mining industry and create opportunities in trade between
india and Egypt. There are below
Rework legislative framework to bring in transparency, investor confidence,
sustainability concepts and better regulation.
Enhance exploration activity particularly for base and strategic minerals and rare
earths.
Develop policy prescriptions and enabling environment to develop the mineral
sector for base, noble and strategic metals and diamonds to the fullest.
Develop a distinct Geoscientific role for the Ministry for focusing on fundamental,
multidisciplinary and societal scientific issues.
Creation of R&D institutions under an overarching frameworkfor coordinated
work.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.en.wikipedia.org
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www.mines.nic.in
www.tha indian .com
www.encyclopedia.com
www.siteresources.worldbank.org
www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
www.answers.com
WWW.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Demographics_of_Egypt
www.indexmundi.com/ egypt / demographics _profile.html
www.zawya.com/.../macrowatch.cfm
http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com
www.frommers.com/d
www.eximbank india .com
www.ida.gov.eg/
WWW.mine rals.usgs.go
www.finda mining job.com
www.afribiz.info
www.mbendi.com
www. timesofindia.indiatimes.com
www.nationsencyclopedia.com
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www.tasflowrance.com
www.gcgf.org
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