Post on 15-Jan-2017
FUTURE TRENDS IN AUTOMOBILES:
AIR POWERED VEHICLES (APVs)
Submitted by:DHEERAJ KUMARROLL NO – 17SEMESTER – 7th
DEPT. OF MECHANICAL
CONTENT Introduction Need of the technology Compressed air vehicles (CAV) Developers and Manufacturers Working principle of APVs Transformation in I.C engine Details of working Components of APVs Literature Review Information from research papers Applications and case study Future scope Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
Fuel crisis, cost of gasoline and many other environmental aspects have led the leading car manufacturers to develop car powered by alternative energy sources.
One possible alternative is the AIR POWER VEHICLES. It is hard to believe that compressed air can be used to drive vehicles.
MDI (Motor Development International) is one company that holds the international patents for compressed air car.
Compared to fuels like petrol and diesel, compressed air is favourable because of a high energy density, low toxicity, fast filling at low cost and long service life. These issues make it technically challenging to design air engines for all kind of compressed air driven vehicles.
NEED FOR THE TECHNOLOGY The stock of fossil fuel reserve is very limited and because of its
tremendous use it is depleting at a faster rate.
Compressed air being used to power APVs is very cheap and abundantly available.
No combustion takes place inside the cylinder this reduces wear and tear of the components.
Also there is no possibility of knocking. This in turn results in smooth working of engine.
There will not be any need for installing cooling system or complex fuel injection systems. This makes the design simpler.
COMPRESSED AIR VEHICLES A compressed-air vehicle (CAV) is powered by an air engine,
using compressed air, which is stored in a tank. Instead of mixing fuel with air and burning it in the engine to drive pistons with hot expanding gases, compressed-air vehicles use the expansion of compressed air to drive their pistons.
DEVELOPERS & MANUFACTURERS
MDI (Motor Development International), France has proposed a range of vehicles made up of Air Pod, OneFlowAir, CityFlowAir, miniFlowAir and MultiFlowAir.
Air Car Factories South Africa is proposing to develop and build a compressed air engine.
APUQ (Association de Promotion des Usages de la Quasiturbine) has made the APUQ Air Car, a car powered by a quasiturbine.
Tata Motors, India, as of January 2009 had planned to launch a car with an MDI compressed air engine in 2011. In December 2009 Tata's vice president of engineering systems confirmed that the limited range and low engine temperatures were causing problems.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF APVsCompressing a gas into a small space is a way to
store energy. When the gas expands again, that energy is released to do work. That's the basic principle behind what makes an air car go.
The compressed is stored into the storage tank. The air is allowed to pass into the cylinder through pulsed pressure control valve. The compressed air expands and causes the piston to move which in turn rotates the crankshaft.
TRANSFORMATION DONE IN CONVENTIONAL I.C ENGINE
Spark plug Pulsed pressure control valve
Governor Electronic timing circuit
Fuel tank Air vessel
Cam Modified cam
DETAILS OF WORKING
4 stroke operating cycle
1. Induction strokeEngine pulls piston
out of cylinderLow pressure inside
cylinder (< 1 atm.)Atmospheric
pressure pushes air into cylinder
Engine does work on the pressurised air during this stroke
2. Compression strokeEngine pushes piston
into cylinderAir is compressed to
high pressure and temperature (700psi, 540oC)
Pressurised air is injected as piston reaches top of stroke
Engine does work on the air during this stroke
3. Power StrokePressurised air
expands (2000oC, 1000psi)
Air push piston out Air expand to lower
pressure and temperature
Air do work on engine during this stroke
4. Exhaust strokeEngine pushes
piston into cylinderHigh pressure
inside cylinderPressure pushes the
piston out of cylinder
Engine does work on the pressurised air during this stroke
COMPONENTS OF APVsCompressed air tankBrake power recoveryAir filterElectrical systemChassis Engine Body
2 TYPES OF ENERGY MODESSingle Energy Mode: It uses only compressed air. The
maximum speed is 50 km/h.
Dual Energy Mode: It uses compress air as well as
fossil fuel. At speed over 50 km/h, the engine will switch to fuel mode.
FUELING PROCESSThere are three modes of fuelling tank:• Air Stations• Domestic electric plug • Dual-energy mode
LITERATURE REVIEW Bharat Raj Singh1 and JP Yadav2 (2011) in their endeavour
have evaluated the performance of compressed air engines.
Their preliminary analysis based on the prototype calculation shows that around 3 cubic metre of air at a pressure more than 30bar can give a mileage equivalent to one litre petrol i.e. Rs 64
Cost of production of one cubic metre of air at a pressure of 50bar is Rs 3.
Hence air of Rs 9 can give the mileage of Rs 64 of petrol.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION They designed the proto type for low speed, the output power;
applied load was also kept low. The prime aim being to test the concept of application of with its
related advantages.Indicated power = ip = p L A n K/ 60,000 kWHere, K = 2, L = 0.11, A = 0.00079 for 450 RPM
ip = p L A N K/ 60 000 kW= 05 x 100000 x 011 x 000079 x 450 x2 /60000= 0.065 kW
Similarly for 570 RPMip = 0.165 kW
And for 650 RPMip = 0.282 kW
COMPARISON WITH EVS These comes under zero
emission vehicles.
Electrical vehicle batteries use toxic electrolytes, these electrolytes have to be mnf.pr produce some pollution ,battery replaced every 2-3 years.
This car use natural air ,compress air more efficient.
Comparison
Nissan Toyota
Air powered car
Fuel type
electric electric
Air powered car
Annual fuel cost
$331. $391. $220.
Green house gas emissions
3.5 4.1 1.2
Price(msrp)
$50999.
$42000.
$14000.
INFORMATION FROM RESEARCH PAPERS
―Technical benefits:The temperature of the engine while working
will be slightly less than the ambient temperature.
Smooth working of the engine due to very less wear and tear of the components.
There is no possibility of knocking.No need of cooling systems and spark plugs or
Complex fuel injection systems
―Economic benefits:Reduces the cost of vehicle production by
about 20% as no need to build a cooling system, fuel tank, Ignition Systems or silencers.
Compressors use electricity for generating
Compressed air which is relatively much cheaper and widespread.
Smooth working will lead to less wear & tear, so lesser maintenance cost
APPLICATIONS & CASE STUDY Applications
FAMILY CARS VANS TAXIS PICK-UPSMINI-CATS BIK
Case study
The case study of the air powered vehicles is that the TATA MINICAT is developed. The TATA Motors is get collaboration with the MDI (Motor Developments International).The TATA MINICAT is get launched on or before 2016, the price of that car is around 6.50-7.50 lakhs.
FUTURE SCOPEThe future scope of the air powered vehicle is
that when we driving the car on the road the aerodynamic is affected on the car, if we have done the arrangement on the car that utilizes that air and send it to the air compressor and send to the air engine, so the car does not stop for the reason of refuelling.
CONCLUSION Air powered cars is a realization of latest
technology in automobile field.
It eliminates the use of non-renewable fuels like gasoline, diesel petrol etc, and Thereby preventing pollution caused by millions of automobiles all over the world.
This could be the future of automobiles and step to a healthier environment