Post on 30-Dec-2015
Further Challenges to the Catholic Church
Chapter 14:v
Switzerland emerged as the centre of the Protestant Reformation.
Ulrich Zwingli, a priest in Zurich,
abolished the Catholic Mass,
confessions, and indulgences. He
also allowed priests to marry.
Zwingli held services in
undecorated buildings and read sermons based on the
Bible.
John Calvin, a leader of the
Protestant Reformation in
Switzerland, published the
Institutes of the Christian
Religion in 1536.
Calvin believed in predestination, the idea that God had chosen who would
be saved.
God alone decided whether an individual received eternal life.
Calvin established churches with strong, disciplined leadership based on the strict morality taught in the Old Testament.
Calvinsim rapidly won many converts amongst
middle-class townspeople.
Calvinism reflected
their belief that people should live simply and work hard.
Huguenots
• French Calvinists
• were powerful in southern France
• experienced persecution at the hands of Roman Catholics
Gaspardde Coligny
(1519-72)
• French admiral and Huguenot leader
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
John Knox took the Reformation to Scotland.
Puritans
Anabaptists
• called Baptists today• argued against infant baptism
-restricted church baptism and membership to adults
• were vigorously persecuted by other Protestants and Roman Catholics alike
The Reformation in England
The young English King Henry VIII published stinging
attacks on the teachings of
Martin Luther in 1521.
The pope awarded
Henry VIII the title
“Defender of the Faith.”
When his wife of eighteen
years failed to produce a male heir, Henry VIII
asked the pope to annul their
marriage.Catherine of Aragon
Pope Clement VII refused to grant King Henry VIII an annulment so he could remarry.
King Henry VIII took the
English church from
under the pope’s control and placed it
under his own rule.
Parliament recognized the king as the supreme head of the Church of England by the Act of Supremacy.
Thomas Cranmer
[Here or Later!?]
Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, annulled Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
Henry VIII secretly
married Anne Boleyn months
before his marriage to Catherine of Aragon had
been formally annulled.
Sir Thomas More, lord
chancellor of England,
opposed Henry VIII’s attempt to get his first
marriage annulled.
More was imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1534 and beheaded in 1535.
The six wives of
King Henry VIII of
England.
Changes during Henry VIII’s reign
• closed monasteries-sold the lands he seized to nobles, wealthy farmers, and merchants to raise money
• established the Anglican Church-allowed the use of English Bibles-allowed priests to marry
Edward VI
Mary Tudor, daughter of
Henry VIII by his first wife, tried to make
England a Catholic
nation again.
Mary Tudor alienated
many of her subjects when she married Philip II, the Catholic king
of Spain.
She was known as “Bloody Mary”
because of the number of people executed
during her reign.
Elizabeth I followed her
half-sister Mary I on
the throne as the ruler of England.
Elizabeth I adopted a skillful policy of
religious compromise.
Although she firmly established England as a Protestant nation, she managed to preserve many traditional Catholic beliefs.
Sir Francis Drake
The arts - particularly literary - flourished during her reign.
The Catholic Reformation
Aka The Counter Reformation
Pope Paul III
• led the reform of the Catholic Church
-appointed scholars and reformers to high church offices
-summoned the council at Trent
Council of Trent
• reaffirmed traditional Catholic doctrine
• called for
-better trained priests
-reform of church finances and administration
Ignatius Loyola founded the
Society of Jesusin 1534.
The Jesuits had as their object the spread of the church by preaching and teaching.
Loyola wrote the treatise
Spiritual Exercises, a manual that taught strict
religious discipline.
The Catholic Church tried to prevent the spread of Protestant ideas by reviving the Inquisition.
The Church also published the Index, a list of books Catholics were forbidden to read.
The lines between Protestant and Catholic areas were sharply drawn by 1600.
Protestant:• England• Scotland• Scandinavia• northern
Germany
Catholic:• Italy• France• Spain• Ireland• southern
Germany