Post on 18-Aug-2020
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© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Fungi –
moulds, yeasts and mushrooms
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Fungi in microbiology(probably, you have heard these names already…)
Applied microbiology and biotechnologySaccharomyces cerevisiae (beer, bread)Penicillium roquefortii (cheese)Penicillium chrysogenum and Acremonium chrysogenum(antibiotics)Aspergillus niger (citric acid)
Haploid eukaryotes with fast growth ratesNeurospora crassaAspergillus nidulansSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Ecology, physiology, diversity, plant pathology etc.
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© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
•Prokaryotes are morphologicall simple, but physiologically tremendously diverse•Planta, Fungi and Animalia have lived through this 3 domain transfromation withonly minor alterations•Protists stay the most diverse group•Fungi traditionally includ true fungi and fungi-like protists
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Bacteria unicellular osmotrophicArchaea
Protista unicellular diverse: ingestion, osmotrophic
Animalia multicellular phagotrophic (ingestion)
Fungi X-cellular osmotrophic
Planta multicellular osmotrophic
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True fungi and fungi-like protistsMicroscopic organisms, but there are also huge fungiFor classification it is necessary to havepropagation structures or to use molecularbiological characters
Fungi - what is treated bymycology?
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Groups traditionally treated by mycologyOomycetesChytridiomycetesZygomycetesAscomycetesBasidiomycetes
Fungi and mycology
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© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
ProtozoaMycetozoa Mesomycetozoa
ChromistaOomycota
Zygomycota Zygomycetes
EntomophthoralesMortierellalesMucorales
Ascomycota Archiascomycetes
Pneumocystidales
HemiascomycetesSaccharomycetales
EuascomycetesChaetothyrialesClavicipitalesDothidealesEurotialesHypocrealesLeotialesMicroascalesOnygenalesOphiostomatalesPhyllachoralesPleosporalesSordariales
BasidiomycotaHymenomycetes
AgaricalesStereales
TremellalesUrediniomycetes
Sporidiales
UstilaginomycetesMicrostomatales
TilletialesUstilaginales
Eumycota
Chytridiomycota
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
New classification
Kingdom ProtistaPlasmodiophoromycotaDictyosteliomycotaAcrasiomycotaMyxomycotaOomycotaHyphochytriomycotaLabyrinthulomycota
Kingdom FungiChytridiomycotaZygomycotaAscomycotaBasidiomycota
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© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Fungi or How to define a diverse polyphyleticgroup (i)
Heterotrophic (no photosynthesis) Osmotrophic (absorptive nutrition -exoenzymes)Cell walls with chitinThallus grows in or on a substrate, isfilamentous (or unicellular) and grows in modulesEukaryotic
real nucleus, cells frequently multinuclear
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© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Fungi or How to define a diverse polyphyleticgroup (ii)
Life cycles diverse (from simple to complex)Sexual propagation may be present orabsentFruiting bodies (sporocarps) micro- ormacroscopic, sometimes differentiated intotissue-like structures
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Fungi
eukaryotic, haploid (n)dikaryotic (n+n) and diploid (2n) periods
unmotilean exception in Fungi: spores of Chytridiomycota
Cell walls predominantly contain chitin(R=NH-CO-CH3)unicellular (yeast) and multicellualr(filamentous or mycelial fungi)Apical (tip) growthSpores as spreading and survival units
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Growth in hypha and yeastApical growthTransport system to theonly growth zone - the tipNumerousvesicles with„building units“ for cell wall synthesisSpitzenkörperYeast - different distribution of growth zones
From Bartnicki-Garcia & Lippman, 1969, © AAAS
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Fungal sporesSpread (propagation) and survival
spread - quantitySurvival - thick pigmented cell walls
Asexual (mitotic division)Sexual (cell fusion and meiosis) Sometimes in fruit bodies
ProtectionSpreading mechanisms
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Fungal fruiting bodies (sporocarps)
Mushrooms - only fruitbodiesStill composed of hyphae
From Cooke&Rayner, 1984 (c) Longman
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Morphology of fungi - hypha, mycelium, colony
•Mycelium has 1 to 10 µm in diameter•Tip growth•Substrate penetration•Substrate contact surface is enormous
© Polona Zalar & Nina Gunde-Cimerman
© Prof. Trinci
From Cooke&Rayner, 1984 (c) Longman
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Morphology of fungi - vegetative myceliummodifications
Mycelial strands -Serpula lacrymans
Sclerotia - mummified fruits, insect bodies, with myceliumpenetrating all through
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Fungal morphology
Witch circle
© Polona Zalar & Nina Gunde-Cimerman
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General informationCell wall - chitin, cellulose, glucanesMotility: none (flagellate spores in Chytridiomycota!)Thallus - mycelial (septate, unseptate) or yeastMetabolism: aerobic, facultative anaeroby(fermentation)Life cycles
Asexual (vegetative, mitotic spores)Sexual (generative, meiotic spores)Complex, usually facultative
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
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© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
ProtozoaMycetozoa Mesomycetozoa
ChromistaOomycota
Zygomycota Zygomycetes
EntomophthoralesMortierellalesMucorales
Ascomycota Archiascomycetes
Pneumocystidales
HemiascomycetesSaccharomycetales
EuascomycetesChaetothyrialesClavicipitalesDothidealesEurotialesHypocrealesLeotialesMicroascalesOnygenalesOphiostomatalesPhyllachoralesPleosporalesSordariales
BasidiomycotaHymenomycetes
AgaricalesStereales
TremellalesUrediniomycetes
Sporidiales
UstilaginomycetesMicrostomatales TilletialesUstilaginales
Eumycota
Chytridiomycota
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Oomycota•Aquatic organisms
•Water absolutelynecessary (in soil, as land plants parasites)
•Heterokont, biflagellate, spores
•Cell walls containcellulose und glucan (ß-(1-3) and ß-(1-6) glycoside bonds
•Oogamy with a complexand very specificfertilisation process
•Phytophtora infestans
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© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
ProtozoaMycetozoa Mesomycetozoa
ChromistaOomycota
Zygomycota Zygomycetes
EntomophthoralesMortierellalesMucorales
Ascomycota Archiascomycetes
Pneumocystidales
HemiascomycetesSaccharomycetales
EuascomycetesChaetothyrialesClavicipitalesDothidealesEurotialesHypocrealesLeotialesMicroascalesOnygenalesOphiostomatalesPhyllachoralesPleosporalesSordariales
BasidiomycotaHymenomycetes
AgaricalesStereales
TremellalesUrediniomycetes
Sporidiales
UstilaginomycetesMicrostomatales
TilletialesUstilaginales
Eumycota
Chytridiomycota
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Differences in propagation
Sexual propagation (all around meiosis)
Generations(sexual/asexual)
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Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Deuteromycota (Fungiimperfecti)
Some groups of Fungi
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Cell wall composition in phyla of fungi and fungal-like protists
xylomannoproteins, α-(1-3)- glucan
chitinβ-(1-3)- and β-(1-6)-glucan
Basidiomycota
galactomannoproteinsα-(1-3)- glucan
chitinβ-(1-3)- and β-(1-6)-glucan
Ascomycota
polyglucouronate, glucuronomannproteins, polyphosphates
chitinchitosan
Zygomycota
glucanchitinβ-(1-3)- and β-(1-6)-glucan
Chytridiomycota
glucancelluloseβ-(1-3)- and β-(1-6)-glucan
Oomycota
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© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Fungal nutrition and theirpresence in ecosystems
Osmotrophic - with a huge reactive surfaceOrganoheterotrophicRespiration/FermentationWhere they live: everywhere (soil, air, water, wood, rocks). Mainly aerated zonesStrictly anaerobic fungus: only oneChytridiomycete Neocallimastix frontalis (39°C, pH6,5) known from the rumenal ecosystem
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Hypha – mycelum – colony – fruiting body
Mycelium important for all: parasites, symbionts, destruents
Penetration and substrate colonisation
Curious example: Nematode-trappingfungi
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© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Fungal lifestyles
Saprophytes on dead organic matter - „trashand litter“ :
soil (1g of agricaltural field soil contains10-100 m of fungal mycelium)wood (destruction and staining)various organic compounds
Symbionts with bacteria, algae, plantsParasites on animals, algae, plants
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
SAPROPHYTES
•Substrate mycelium, exoenzymes, osmotrophy
•Available nutrients
-carbohydrates including highly polymeric(cellulose, starch, pectine, lignine)
-proteins (including keratin)
-fats, polyols etc
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© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
PARASITES
•Direct contact and nutritionalconnection
•Mycelium on the surface of a structure (e.g. leaf) or between thecells
•Always a direct contact betweencytoplasmatic membranes -penetration structure „haustorium“
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
PARASITES
•Metabiotrophic•Biotrophic•Necrotrophic
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Claviceps purpurea - sclerotia
Obligate life Obligate life cyclecycle --perfectlyperfectly adaptedadapted to to thethehost‘shost‘s life life cyclecycle
InfectionInfection isis veryvery limitedlimited --onlyonly oneone corncorn
SclerotiaSclerotia areare survivalsurvivalstructuresstructures ((winterwinter), ), afterafterthatthat a proper a proper meioticmeioticcyclecycle takestakes placeplace
VariousVarious biologicallybiologically activeactivemetabolitesmetabolites (LSD)(LSD)
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
SYMBIONTS
Mycorrhiza – higher plants (trees, grasses, orchids)Lichens – algae and /or cyanobacteria
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Mycotrophy of higher plants
• 80% of plant species are obligately mycotrophic, 10% -facultatively
•Fungi form a close contact with plant roots either as a coator between the root parenchyme cells•Characteristic morphology and physiology
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Mycorrhiza
Mutual profitWater, P-, N- and Ca-compounds for a plant partnerCarbohydrate for a fungal partner
What happens on a contact interface?Hyphae are digestedPhosphatases of plant Glucose und succrose are transformed intotrehalose und mannitol
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Ectotrophic mycorrhiza
Fs – fungal sheath (Mantel aus Pilzhyphen, die auch außerhalb der Wurzel weiter in den Boden wachsen)Hn – Hartig‘s net (Myzel zwischen den Zellen)
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Mycorrhiza stimulates growth of plants
See also: Smith, S.E., Smith, F.A. & Jakobsen, I. (2003) Plant Physiol. 133: 16-20.
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Ectotrophicmycorrhiza makes phosphorous available, also including phosphates from mineral soil horizons
Landeweert, R., Hoffland, E., Finlay, R.D., Kuyper, T.W. & Van Breemen, N. (2001) Trends Ecol. Evol. 248-253.
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Lichen thallus
Form and structure aredetermined by a mycobiont
Cortex (upper and lower)Photobiont layerMedula
Flavoparmelia caperata
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© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
FungiDiverseUbiquitous and stress-tolerantWith a huge potential (enzymes,
secondary metabolic products)Important in nature as destruents
(recyclers), symbionts and parasites; as lichens even as primary producersBiotechnologically useful
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
In the real world, the estimate of fungus biomass is about two tons per human being in the overall biosphere. The unseen underground feeding mechanisms of fungi are the great recyclers: autumn leaves, cornstalk debris, mountains of trash, all returned to usable form mainly by fungi. No soil fungi, no trees and forests as we know them. No waving fields of grain. No escape from unforeseen pneumonia. No athlete's foot. No bread, no booze. Give us non-mushroom mycologists a break!
Dr. Emory Simmons
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© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
ZygomycotaChitinous cellwallsSpores in sporangiaSurvivalstructures -zygosporangia
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
ZygomycotaSugar fungiInsectparasitesSymbionts(VAM Mykorrhiza)
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Ascomycota
The biggest groupChitin, all protectivepigmentsSpores asexual –exogenous; sexual – in Asci
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
AscomycotaParasites (true mildew)Symbionts (lichens, mykorrhiza)Destruents
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© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
BasidiomycotaChitin Dikaryoticphase(reproduction process isprolonged)Sporesexogenouson a basidium; basidia(plural) on a fruit body
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
BasidiomycotaSaprotrophs(wooddecomposers)Parasites(living hosts, also trees)Symbiontes(mycorrhiza)
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© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
ProtozoaMycetozoa Mesomycetozoa
ChromistaOomycota
Zygomycota Zygomycetes
EntomophthoralesMortierellalesMucorales
Ascomycota Archiascomycetes
Pneumocystidales
HemiascomycetesSaccharomycetales
EuascomycetesChaetothyrialesClavicipitalesDothidealesEurotialesHypocrealesLeotialesMicroascalesOnygenalesOphiostomatalesPhyllachoralesPleosporalesSordariales
BasidiomycotaHymenomycetes
AgaricalesStereales
TremellalesUrediniomycetes
Sporidiales
UstilaginomycetesMicrostomatales
TilletialesUstilaginales
Eumycota
Chytridiomycota
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Ameboid slime moulds - Protista
neither slimy, no mouldsno hyphaeno cell walls in the trophic phasein the trophic phase ingestion or phagocytosis fruiting bodies with cell wallsSpores as propagation unitsamoebal or plasmodial vegetative phase
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© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Ameboid slime moulds - Protista
Acrasiomycota: early separation from Eukarya - discoidal mitochondrial cristaeMyxomycota and Dictyosteliomycota –later development, unrelated
tubular mitochondrial crystaeNumerous differences in morphology, life cycles, flagella, cell wall composition, nutrition
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Plasmodium Physarum polycephalum
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Stemonitis fusca
Physarum cinereum Diachea leucopodium
Trichia decipiens
Different types of sporangia in myxomycetes
© Anna Gorbushina, WS 2006/2007
Ameboid slime moulds
Pigments, heterotrophic (no chlorophyll)Net-work like structuresthat creep over substratesand are capable of phagocytosisrhythmic plasma-movements over cm-distancesFruiting bodies (sporangia)