Embedded Systems in Embedded Systems in AutomobilesAutomobiles

MechatronicsMechatronics

What is an Embedded System ?What is an Embedded System ?

An Embedded System is a controller An Embedded System is a controller (or computer) that is embedded into (or computer) that is embedded into some device for some purpose other some device for some purpose other than to provide general purpose than to provide general purpose computing. computing. computing. computing.

Instead of physically engineering Instead of physically engineering new models, “new design” now new models, “new design” now means the application of electronics means the application of electronics to virtually everything to virtually everything

Embedded Systems You will Embedded Systems You will encounter in everyday lifeencounter in everyday life

A typical home has 81 controllersA typical home has 81 controllers----they're in the they're in the washing machine, CD player, DVD player, and washing machine, CD player, DVD player, and even the smoke alarm. even the smoke alarm.

A typical office has 42 controllers embedded into A typical office has 42 controllers embedded into devices like scanners and printers. devices like scanners and printers. devices like scanners and printers. devices like scanners and printers.

Automobiles have with as many as 73 controllers Automobiles have with as many as 73 controllers to help run the transmission, antilock brakes, and to help run the transmission, antilock brakes, and other equipment. other equipment.

In fact, during the year 2000, the average person In fact, during the year 2000, the average person encountered nearly 250 embedded controllersencountered nearly 250 embedded controllers----silicon chipssilicon chips----each day, according to the research each day, according to the research firm Semico Research. By 2005, that number will firm Semico Research. By 2005, that number will be 304be 304..

BMW 750 Series CarsBMW 750 Series Cars ToTo controlcontrol somesome 700700 functionsfunctions forfor

communication,communication, GPS,GPS, climate,climate, andandentertainmententertainment..

TheThe designersdesigners removedremoved thethe stickstick shiftshift andandreplacedreplaced itit withwith aa bigbig rotaryrotary knobknob soso youyoucancan menumenu--controlcontrol everythingeverything onon aa videovideoreplacedreplaced itit withwith aa bigbig rotaryrotary knobknob soso youyoucancan menumenu--controlcontrol everythingeverything onon aa videovideoscreenscreen (when(when you’reyou’re notnot usingusing thethe voicevoicerecognitionrecognition system,system, thatthat is)is)..

ThisThis carcar hashas nono lessless thanthan 123123 electricelectricmotorsmotors inin itit;; therethere areare 3838 fansfans justjust inin thethetwotwo frontfront seats!seats!

ECU in Mercedes SECU in Mercedes S--ClassClass

Important Embedded Controllers in Important Embedded Controllers in an Automobilean Automobile

Over View of Automobile Over View of Automobile Electronic SystemsElectronic Systems

Engine SensorsEngine SensorsIn order to provide the correct amount of fuel for In order to provide the correct amount of fuel for every operating condition, the engine control unit every operating condition, the engine control unit (ECU) has to monitor a huge number of input (ECU) has to monitor a huge number of input sensors. Here are just a few:sensors. Here are just a few:

Mass airflow sensor Mass airflow sensor :: Tells the ECU the mass of Tells the ECU the mass of air entering the engine air entering the engine

Oxygen sensor :Oxygen sensor : Monitors the amount of Monitors the amount of oxygen in the exhaust so the ECU can determine oxygen in the exhaust so the ECU can determine how rich or lean the fuel mixture is and make how rich or lean the fuel mixture is and make adjustments accordingly adjustments accordingly

Throttle position sensorThrottle position sensor :: Monitors the throttle Monitors the throttle valve position (which determines how much air valve position (which determines how much air goes into the engine) so the ECU can respond goes into the engine) so the ECU can respond quickly to changes, increasing or decreasing the quickly to changes, increasing or decreasing the fuel rate as necessaryfuel rate as necessary

Engine SensorsEngine Sensors Manifold absolute pressure sensor:Manifold absolute pressure sensor:

Monitors the pressure of the air in the intake Monitors the pressure of the air in the intake manifold The amount of air being drawn into manifold The amount of air being drawn into the engine is a good indication of how much the engine is a good indication of how much power it is producing; and the more air that power it is producing; and the more air that goes into the engine, the lower the manifold goes into the engine, the lower the manifold pressure, so this reading is used to gauge pressure, so this reading is used to gauge how much power is being produced.how much power is being produced.how much power is being produced.how much power is being produced.

Engine speed sensor :Engine speed sensor : Monitors engine Monitors engine speed, which is one of the factors used to speed, which is one of the factors used to calculate the pulse width calculate the pulse width

Coolant temperature sensor :Coolant temperature sensor : Allows the Allows the ECU to determine when the engine has ECU to determine when the engine has reached its proper operating temperaturereached its proper operating temperature

Electronic Engine Management Electronic Engine Management SystemSystem

Need for Electronic Fuel InjectionNeed for Electronic Fuel Injection Stricter emissions regulation like :Stricter emissions regulation like :

CARB, EURO CARB, EURO -- I/II, Bharat I/II, Bharat -- IIII

CatalyticCatalytic convertersconverters -- NecessitatesNecessitates veryvery carefulcarefulcontrolcontrol ofof thethe airair--toto--fuelfuel ratioratio waswas requiredrequired forforthethe catalyticcatalytic converterconverter toto bebe effectiveeffective..

OxygenOxygen sensorssensors :: monitormonitor thethe amountamount ofofoxygenoxygen inin thethe exhaust,exhaust, andand thethe engineengine controlcontrolunitunit (ECU)(ECU) usesuses thisthis informationinformation toto adjustadjust thetheairair--toto--fuelfuel ratioratio inin realreal--timetime.. ThisThis isis calledcalledclosedclosed looploop controlcontrol ---- itit waswas notnot feasiblefeasible totoachieveachieve thisthis controlcontrol withwith carburetorscarburetors..

Inside a Fuel InjectorInside a Fuel Injector

Fuel Injector in ActionFuel Injector in Action

Fuel injectors mounted in the Fuel injectors mounted in the intake manifold of the engineintake manifold of the engine

Spark TimingSpark Timing

The timing of the spark is important, and the timing can The timing of the spark is important, and the timing can either be either be advancedadvanced or or retardedretarded depending on conditions.depending on conditions.

TheThe timetime thatthat thethe fuelfuel takestakes toto burnburn isis roughlyroughly constantconstant..ButBut thethe speedspeed ofof thethe pistonspistons increasesincreases asas thethe engineengine speedspeedincreasesincreases.. ThisThis meansmeans thatthat thethe fasterfaster thethe engineengine goes,goes, thetheearlierearlier thethe sparkspark hashas toto occuroccur.. ThisThis isis calledcalled sparksparkadvanceadvance:: TheThe fasterfaster thethe engineengine speed,speed, thethe moremore advanceadvanceisis requiredrequired..

Minimizing emissionsMinimizing emissions, take priority when maximum , take priority when maximum power is not required:power is not required:-- Retarding the spark timing reduces maximum cylinder Retarding the spark timing reduces maximum cylinder

pressures and temperatures can be reduced. Lowering pressures and temperatures can be reduced. Lowering temperatures helps reduce the formation of nitrogen temperatures helps reduce the formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx)oxides (NOx)

-- Retarding the timing may also eliminate knocking; Retarding the timing may also eliminate knocking; some cars that have knock sensors will do this some cars that have knock sensors will do this automatically. automatically.

AntiAnti--Lock Braking SystemLock Braking System

CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEMCRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM

Adaptive Cruise ControlAdaptive Cruise Control

–– Uses forwardUses forward--looking radar to detect the speed looking radar to detect the speed and distance of the vehicle ahead of it. and distance of the vehicle ahead of it.

–– Adaptive cruise control can automatically Adaptive cruise control can automatically adjust speed in order to maintain a proper adjust speed in order to maintain a proper distance between vehicles in the same lane. distance between vehicles in the same lane. distance between vehicles in the same lane. distance between vehicles in the same lane.

–– This is achieved through a This is achieved through a radar headway radar headway sensorsensor, , digital signal processordigital signal processor and and longitudinal controllerlongitudinal controller. If the lead vehicle . If the lead vehicle slows down, or if another object is detected, slows down, or if another object is detected, the system sends a signal to the engine or the system sends a signal to the engine or braking system to decelerate. Then, when the braking system to decelerate. Then, when the road is clear, the system will reroad is clear, the system will re--accelerate the accelerate the vehicle back to the set speed.vehicle back to the set speed.

Electric Power SteeringElectric Power Steering

Electric Power SteeringElectric Power Steering

SteerSteer--byby--Wire SystemWire System Steer-by-Wire system eliminates the

mechanical connection between the driver and the vehicle’s front tires.

The traditional steering elements are replaced by two actuators positioned in the vehicle’s front corners. front corners.

These actuators receive input from the control module and turn the front wheels accordingly.

The system also uses an electric motor to provide road feedback to the driver’s handwheel.

Steer-by-Wire concept

ESP & Active SuspensionESP & Active Suspension

ElectronicElectronic StabilityStability ProgramProgram (ESP)(ESP)

NewNew MercedesMercedes--BenzBenz CLCL coupecoupe willwill featurefeatureActiveActive BodyBody ControlControl (ABC),(ABC), aa highhigh--performanceperformance activeactive suspensionsuspension systemsystem thatthatvirtuallyvirtually eliminateseliminates bodybody rollroll andand pitchpitch duringduringcornering,cornering, brakingbraking andand accelerationacceleration..virtuallyvirtually eliminateseliminates bodybody rollroll andand pitchpitch duringduringcornering,cornering, brakingbraking andand accelerationacceleration..

TheThe driverdriver willwill experienceexperience thethe benefitsbenefits ofofABCABC notnot onlyonly inin termsterms ofof superb,superb, sportysportyhandling,handling, butbut inin aa newnew levellevel ofof rideride comfort,comfort,asas wellwell.. ABCABC makesmakes useuse ofof highhigh--speedspeed servosservosandand sensorssensors toto givegive thethe systemsystem itsits splitsplit--secondsecond reactionreaction timetime..

Automated Highway Systems

AHS is the superhighway of tomorrow, developedto reduce highway congestion and to increasedriver safety.

Using magnets embedded in the highway,magnetic sensors in the vehicle monitor thevehicle’s course, while an intricate electroniccontrol system regulates vehicle speed andcontrol system regulates vehicle speed anddirection of travel.

Electric Power Steering System enables the development of a hands-off Steer-by-Wire system.

The system constantly corrects the steeringposition to achieve precise control of the vehicle.

Immobilizer SystemImmobilizer System

The Immobilizer System is a key The Immobilizer System is a key technology of Vehicle Antitechnology of Vehicle Anti--theft theft systems. systems.

Through communication with the Through communication with the Through communication with the Through communication with the Transponder via the keys, the system Transponder via the keys, the system identifies the improper keys and identifies the improper keys and enables the Engine Control Module to enables the Engine Control Module to shut off the fuel system or starter to shut off the fuel system or starter to protect the vehicle from theft.protect the vehicle from theft.

Immobilizer SystemImmobilizer System

Catalytic ConverterCatalytic Converter

How Catalytic Converter worksHow Catalytic Converter works

The The reduction catalystreduction catalyst is the first stage of the is the first stage of the catalytic converter. It uses platinum and rhodium catalytic converter. It uses platinum and rhodium to help reduce the NOx emissions. When an NO to help reduce the NOx emissions. When an NO or NO2 molecule contacts the catalyst, the or NO2 molecule contacts the catalyst, the catalyst rips the nitrogen atom out of the catalyst rips the nitrogen atom out of the molecule and holds on to it, freeing the oxygen in molecule and holds on to it, freeing the oxygen in the form of O2. The nitrogen atoms bond with the form of O2. The nitrogen atoms bond with other nitrogen atoms that are also stuck to the other nitrogen atoms that are also stuck to the catalyst, forming N2. catalyst, forming N2. other nitrogen atoms that are also stuck to the other nitrogen atoms that are also stuck to the catalyst, forming N2. catalyst, forming N2.

The The oxidation catalystoxidation catalyst is the second stage of is the second stage of the catalytic converter. It reduces the unburned the catalytic converter. It reduces the unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide by burning hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide by burning (oxidizing) them over a platinum and palladium (oxidizing) them over a platinum and palladium catalyst. This catalyst aids the reaction of the CO catalyst. This catalyst aids the reaction of the CO and hydrocarbons with the remaining oxygen in and hydrocarbons with the remaining oxygen in the exhaust gas.the exhaust gas.

How Catalytic Converter worksHow Catalytic Converter works

TheThe thirdthird stagestage isis aa controlcontrol systemsystem thatthat monitorsmonitorsthethe exhaustexhaust stream,stream, andand usesuses thisthis informationinformation totocontrolcontrol thethe fuelfuel injectioninjection systemsystem.. ThereThere isis ananoxygenoxygen sensorsensor mountedmounted upstreamupstream ofof thethe catalyticcatalyticconverter,converter, meaningmeaning itit isis closercloser toto thethe engineengine thanthanthethe converterconverter isis.. ThisThis sensorsensor tellstells thethe engineenginecomputercomputer howhow muchmuch oxygenoxygen isis inin thethe exhaustexhaust..TheThe engineengine computercomputer cancan increaseincrease oror decreasedecreasethethe amountamount ofof oxygenoxygen inin thethe exhaustexhaust bybythethe amountamount ofof oxygenoxygen inin thethe exhaustexhaust bybyadjustingadjusting thethe airair--toto--fuelfuel ratioratio..

ThisThis controlcontrol schemescheme allowsallows thethe engineengine computercomputertoto makemake suresure thatthat thethe engineengine isis runningrunning atat closeclosetoto thethe stoichiometricstoichiometric point,point, andand alsoalso toto makemake suresurethatthat therethere isis enoughenough oxygenoxygen inin thethe exhaustexhaust totoallowallow thethe oxidizationoxidization catalystcatalyst toto burnburn thetheunburnedunburned hydrocarbonshydrocarbons andand COCO..

Diesel Engine Fuel Injection Diesel Engine Fuel Injection SystemSystem

Hybrid VehicleHybrid Vehicle

Combination of internal combustion engine Combination of internal combustion engine and a battery operated motor. Also has a and a battery operated motor. Also has a generator.generator.

FunctionsFunctions asas aa purepure electricelectric vehiclevehicle forforrelativelyrelatively shortshort commutescommutes andand retainsretainsconventionalconventional automobileautomobile capabilitycapability

Hybrid FeaturesHybrid Features

Small engine (quarter to one tenth of Small engine (quarter to one tenth of conventional car)conventional car)

Engine runs at the most efficient condition Engine runs at the most efficient condition (more cleaner and efficient)(more cleaner and efficient)(more cleaner and efficient)(more cleaner and efficient)

Recovers the vehicle’s kinetic energy by Recovers the vehicle’s kinetic energy by regenerative braking regenerative braking

Can use grid electricity for charging Can use grid electricity for charging batteriesbatteries

Hybrid ConfigurationHybrid Configuration

1.1. EngineEngine

2.2. BatteryBattery

3.3. Motor/GeneratorMotor/Generator

4.4. Output shaftOutput shaft

1

4.4. Output shaftOutput shaft

23

4

Main Components of HybridMain Components of Hybrid

Relatively low power engine Relatively low power engine Motor/generator that may be on the engine Motor/generator that may be on the engine output shaft or connected to the engine by a output shaft or connected to the engine by a gear, belt etcgear, belt etcA two way controller for the motor generator A two way controller for the motor generator A two way controller for the motor generator A two way controller for the motor generator systemsystemBatteries, flywheels, fuel cells etc that can give Batteries, flywheels, fuel cells etc that can give short bursts of high output for acceleration and short bursts of high output for acceleration and also long time energy supply for driving and also long time energy supply for driving and auxiliaries.auxiliaries.Control circuits for the motor power, engine, Control circuits for the motor power, engine, sensors for speed, battery voltage, charge etcsensors for speed, battery voltage, charge etc

Information & Entertainment Information & Entertainment (Infotainment)(Infotainment)

Internet, eInternet, e--mail, mobile phones, information mail, mobile phones, information reception, navigation, TV, voice recognition, airreception, navigation, TV, voice recognition, air--conditioning, audio and rear seat entertainment.conditioning, audio and rear seat entertainment.

The navigation system for failsafe positioning on The navigation system for failsafe positioning on the map; a satellitethe map; a satellite--guided GPS and a mapguided GPS and a map--matching system. matching system. matching system. matching system.

Voice guidance and automatic route selection Voice guidance and automatic route selection technologies.technologies.

Mitsubishi Electric is already developing a Mitsubishi Electric is already developing a system that will make it possible to actively system that will make it possible to actively transmit and receive traffic news in realtransmit and receive traffic news in real--time to time to allow the driver to avoid congested roads allow the driver to avoid congested roads

A typical Body Electronic SystemA typical Body Electronic System

Advanced SensingAdvanced Sensing

Advanced Engine ControlAdvanced Engine Control

Future Trends in AutomobilesFuture Trends in Automobiles

Electric CarElectric Car

Hybrid VehicleHybrid Vehicle

Fuel Cell TechnologyFuel Cell Technology Fuel Cell TechnologyFuel Cell Technology

ByBy--Wire TechnologyWire Technology

Direct InjectionDirect Injection

High performance MicrocontrollersHigh performance Microcontrollers

Industry TrendsIndustry Trends Automobiles today resemble "computers Automobiles today resemble "computers

on wheels,". on wheels,".

EachEach modelmodel year,year, vehiclevehicle manufacturersmanufacturersofferoffer moremore sophisticatedsophisticated systemssystemsaddressingaddressing vehiclevehicle safety,safety, telematics,telematics, andand"infotainment""infotainment" ---- allall networkednetworked withinwithin thethe"infotainment""infotainment" ---- allall networkednetworked withinwithin thethevehiclevehicle..

AutomotiveAutomotive electronicselectronics nownow accountaccount forfor2222%% ofof aa vehicle'svehicle's costcost andand areare projectedprojectedtoto increaseincrease toto upup toto 4040%% byby 20102010..SemiconductorsSemiconductors willwill comprisecomprise mostmost ofof thethegrowthgrowth inin automotiveautomotive electronicselectronics overover thethenextnext 55--1010 yearsyears ..

For your informationFor your information The main growth drivers for embedded software in the next fiveyears will be mobile telecommunications, military applications(programmes such as e-Textiles of the U.S. Department of Defense)

New areas are opening up like autonomous robots with embeddedprogramming for personal use, such as the robot pets from Sony.

Geographically, the embedded software market is dominated byNorth America, accounting for 53 per cent of the worldwideshipments in 2001, followed by Europe (25 per cent) and the Asia-shipments in 2001, followed by Europe (25 per cent) and the Asia-Pacific region (17 per cent).

In the next five years, North America will still maintain itsdominance but the Asia-Pacific market will be growing fast and mayequal the European share

In 2001, the worldwide shipments of EOS, bundled products andrelated services were worth $663.8 million. This is expected to riseto $1,575 million by 2006.

Courtesy

THE HINDU