Post on 29-May-2018
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
1/37
FSMAS Seminar on theFSMAS Seminar on the
Fundamentals ofFundamentals ofFire Risk AssessmentFire Risk Assessment
By Desmond Lee, PhD (Newcastle),By Desmond Lee, PhD (Newcastle),
MBA &MBA &MTechMTech (UNSW),(UNSW), B.ScB.Sc ((HonsHons) (UWO)) (UWO)
Honorary Secretary, FSMASHonorary Secretary, FSMAS
QHSE Director, Wood Group Pressure Control PLC, AsiaQHSE Director, Wood Group Pressure Control PLC, AsiaPacific RegionPacific Region
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
2/37
Fundamentals of Fire Risk AssessmentFundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
RiskRisk What is Risk?What is Risk?
Risk is theRisk is the variation of outcomesvariation of outcomes thatthat
could occurcould occur over a specified periodover a specified period in ain a
given situation.given situation. Speculative riskSpeculative riskexistsexistswhen there iswhen there is a chance of a gain or aa chance of a gain or a
lossloss.. Pure riskPure riskon the other hand, existson the other hand, exists
only when there isonly when there is a chance for a lossa chance for a loss..
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
3/37
Fundamentals of Fire Risk AssessmentFundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
Organizations and investors acceptOrganizations and investors accept speculative risksspeculative risks ifif
the risk premium is high enough to provide for anthe risk premium is high enough to provide for anacceptable return over a less risky investment.acceptable return over a less risky investment.
However, due to theHowever, due to the uncertainty of the costsuncertainty of the costsinvolved, pure risks should be either avoided orinvolved, pure risks should be either avoided or
managed.managed. TheThe costs of this uncertaintycosts of this uncertainty are composed ofare composed ofthethe
cost of the unexpected losscost of the unexpected loss andand the cost ofthe cost ofuncertainty itselfuncertainty itself. While the cost of the loss can be. While the cost of the loss can be
calculated at some point in time, the costs of thecalculated at some point in time, the costs of theuncertainty are difficult (if not impossible) to quantify.uncertainty are difficult (if not impossible) to quantify.
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
4/37
Costs of UncertaintyCosts of UncertaintyThese costs of uncertainty resultsThese costs of uncertainty results fromfrom
(1)(1) diminishing marginal utilitydiminishing marginal utility,, (2)(2) over estimating the chance of lossover estimating the chance of loss oror
(3)(3) fear and worryfear and worry;;
and lead to less than optimum production, price levelsand lead to less than optimum production, price levels
and price structures.and price structures. If you have experience and expert in estimating theseIf you have experience and expert in estimating these
uncertainties, of course, you can have better judgmentuncertainties, of course, you can have better judgmentand hence better optimized production, better pricingand hence better optimized production, better pricingand price structures for your products because you knowand price structures for your products because you knowvery well your costs and is good for your businessvery well your costs and is good for your business
So, proper and adequate risk management process isSo, proper and adequate risk management process isvery necessary in the long run for your business.very necessary in the long run for your business.
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
5/37
Risk Management ProcessRisk Management Process Minimizing an organization's pure risk is the objective ofMinimizing an organization's pure risk is the objective of
the risk management process. Risk management is notthe risk management process. Risk management is notthe purchase of insurance, and it is not the self insuringthe purchase of insurance, and it is not the self insuringof all exposures. Rather, it is the orderly process of riskof all exposures. Rather, it is the orderly process of riskidentification (what are the hazards) and measurement,identification (what are the hazards) and measurement,alternative analysis and implementation and monitoringalternative analysis and implementation and monitoring
of the chosen alternativeof the chosen alternative The first steps in any effective risk managementThe first steps in any effective risk management
program are to identify and measure the exposures toprogram are to identify and measure the exposures toloss that are present in the company's operations. Justloss that are present in the company's operations. Justas important in identifying the exposure is theas important in identifying the exposure is theunderstanding the conditions that create the exposure,understanding the conditions that create the exposure,and the steps necessary to correct or minimize theand the steps necessary to correct or minimize theexposure.exposure.
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
6/37
The steps in the riskThe steps in the risk
management process are:management process are:
1) Identifying exposures to fire loss that could1) Identifying exposures to fire loss that could
interfere with company's objectives;interfere with company's objectives; 2) Analyzing the potential impacts and2) Analyzing the potential impacts and
consequences of these identified exposures;consequences of these identified exposures;
3) Selecting the various alternatives of handling3) Selecting the various alternatives of handlingsuch a risk;such a risk;
4) Implementing the chosen alternative (or4) Implementing the chosen alternative (orcombination of alternatives);combination of alternatives);
5) Monitoring the effectiveness and5) Monitoring the effectiveness andappropriateness of the chosenappropriateness of the chosen alternative(salternative(s).).
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
7/37
The steps in the riskThe steps in the risk
management process are:management process are: Any organization can control a sizable portion of itsAny organization can control a sizable portion of its
exposures by establishing and maintaining anexposures by establishing and maintaining an effectiveeffectiveloss prevention programloss prevention program of avoiding as many risks asof avoiding as many risks aspossible. However, in some instances the purchase ofpossible. However, in some instances the purchase ofinsurance or assumption of certain degree of the risk isinsurance or assumption of certain degree of the risk isthe inevitable.the inevitable.
After all efforts to avoid or to contractually transfer theAfter all efforts to avoid or to contractually transfer therisk have been exhausted, the decision becomesrisk have been exhausted, the decision becomeswhether to assume the risk or transfer via insurance.whether to assume the risk or transfer via insurance.
Whichever method is chosen (or a combination of theWhichever method is chosen (or a combination of thetwo), effective loss prevention will be the key factor intwo), effective loss prevention will be the key factor inthe final cost.the final cost.
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
8/37
Risk IdentificationRisk Identification -- A Fire RiskA Fire Risk
PerspectivePerspective
This is the process of determining what canThis is the process of determining what can
happen, why and how. Major threats that givehappen, why and how. Major threats that giverise to the risk can be classified into therise to the risk can be classified into thefollowing types of risk:following types of risk:
Property LossProperty Loss Financial LossFinancial Loss
Liability RisksLiability Risks
Personnel ThreatsPersonnel Threats Social RisksSocial Risks
Environmental RisksEnvironmental Risks
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
9/37
Methods of identifying fire lossMethods of identifying fire loss
exposureexposure Completing a questionnaire / surveyCompleting a questionnaire / survey
Reviewing the loss histories of the companyReviewing the loss histories of the company Analyzing financial statement and accounting recordsAnalyzing financial statement and accounting records
Examining other records, plans and documentsExamining other records, plans and documents
Studying operational flow chart and diagrams toStudying operational flow chart and diagrams to
highlight hazards in each step of the processhighlight hazards in each step of the process Carrying out site inspection and interview of the siteCarrying out site inspection and interview of the site
personnelpersonnel
Consulting with experts both within and outside theConsulting with experts both within and outside theorganizationorganization
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
10/37
Risk AnalysisRisk AnalysisFor each identified exposures, the potential impacts andFor each identified exposures, the potential impacts and
consequences is analyzed, by determining:consequences is analyzed, by determining:
Frequency of such lossFrequency of such loss
Severity of such lossSeverity of such loss
Potential financial impactPotential financial impact
Business continuityBusiness continuity Stable earning / growthStable earning / growth
Community / political concernsCommunity / political concerns
Legal requirement / complianceLegal requirement / compliance
The next step of risk management process involves eitherThe next step of risk management process involves eitherstopping loss from happening (risk control) or paying forstopping loss from happening (risk control) or paying forloss if it does occurs (risk financing).loss if it does occurs (risk financing).
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
11/37
Risk Control TechniquesRisk Control TechniquesAim to minimize the frequency and severity of a loss. These techAim to minimize the frequency and severity of a loss. These techniquesniques
include:include:
AvoidanceAvoidance -- eliminate entirely any possibility of a loss.eliminate entirely any possibility of a loss. PreventionPrevention -- reducing the frequency or the likelihood of a loss byreducing the frequency or the likelihood of a loss by
"engineering out" hazards that could cause a loss."engineering out" hazards that could cause a loss.
ReductionReduction -- lower the severity of a loss by removing part or all of thelower the severity of a loss by removing part or all of thehazard(shazard(s) before one is exposed.) before one is exposed.
SegregationSegregation -- arranging activities and resources so that no single eventarranging activities and resources so that no single eventcan destroy all. It may take one of the two forms;can destroy all. It may take one of the two forms;
SeparationSeparation -- entails the dispersal of a particular activity or asset overentails the dispersal of a particular activity or asset overseparate location.separate location.
DuplicationDuplication -- rely on "backrely on "back--up" of critical processes/spares or duplicateup" of critical processes/spares or duplicateuse if primary assets or activities suffer a loss.use if primary assets or activities suffer a loss.
(Ref no.1(Ref no.1 NFECNFECss Fire Risk Assessment Guide book atFire Risk Assessment Guide book athttp://http://www.nfec.gov.sg/publication_fire_risk.htmlwww.nfec.gov.sg/publication_fire_risk.html))
The following are broad outlines of the prevention and reductionThe following are broad outlines of the prevention and reduction measuremeasureapplicable to fire risk.applicable to fire risk.
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
12/37
Fire PreventionFire PreventionEliminating potential fuels:Eliminating potential fuels:
Remove unnecessary flammable substances;Remove unnecessary flammable substances;
Safe storage of necessary flammable substances;Safe storage of necessary flammable substances; Good house keeping to isolate potential fuels from ignition sourGood house keeping to isolate potential fuels from ignition sources;ces;
Carry out regular fire prevention inspection;Carry out regular fire prevention inspection;
Ensure employees are trained on fire safety awareness and conducEnsure employees are trained on fire safety awareness and conductt
fire drill exercise.fire drill exercise.
Removal of Ignition Sources:Removal of Ignition Sources:
Eliminate open flames and other heat sources (Eliminate open flames and other heat sources (i.ei.e: hot work permit;: hot work permit;
contractor control; etc.);contractor control; etc.);
Comply with code of practices to control electricity as a sourceComply with code of practices to control electricity as a source ofof
heat orheat or flame;flame;
Remove sources of spontaneous combustion;Remove sources of spontaneous combustion;
Enforce "no smoking" regulation.Enforce "no smoking" regulation.
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
13/37
Fire ReductionFire Reduction Erect firewalls or otherwise establish fire divisions soErect firewalls or otherwise establish fire divisions so
that spread of anythat spread of any
fire would be contained;fire would be contained;
Reduce fire intensity by removing or storing anyReduce fire intensity by removing or storing anyflammables materials orflammables materials or
contents in fire resistive compartment;contents in fire resistive compartment;
Cooperate with the fire department to establish a preCooperate with the fire department to establish a pre--fire plan;fire plan;
Develop a emergency plan for immediate actions inDevelop a emergency plan for immediate actions inthe event of a fire;the event of a fire;
Where justified, install and maintain suitable fireWhere justified, install and maintain suitable firedetection and suppression system;detection and suppression system;
Draw up postDraw up post--fire salvage plan to mitigate the loss.fire salvage plan to mitigate the loss.
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
14/37
EXHIBIT 1EXHIBIT 1 -- FIRE LOSS CONTROLFIRE LOSS CONTROL
CHARTCHART
SEPARATION & REDUCED ENERGY
Ignition Control
1)Flameproof equipment
2)Hazardous process enclosure
3)Matches/lighters4)Safety operating system (temperatures, pressure control
and relief system)
Fire Load Control
1)Reduce volume stored at one point
2)Review materials used
3)Separate storage and processes
4)Limit storage areas
PRE-EVENT
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
15/37
FIRE LOSS CONTROL CHARTFIRE LOSS CONTROL CHART
REDUCED ENERGY & PROTECTION
Detection Systems Provision
1)Smoke/heat detectors
2)Fire alarm
Fire Fighting Systems Provision
1)Extinguishers
2)Hose-reels / hydrants
3)Sprinklers / deluge / special
4)Removal access for goods & equipment5)Removal of smoke
6)Protection against water
7)Fire wall / fire door / fire shutter
DURING
EVENT
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
16/37
FIRE LOSS CONTROL CHARTFIRE LOSS CONTROL CHARTEMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN
1)Protect assets exposed to further damages
CONTINGENCY PLANNING
1)Alternative means of production to restore normal working
POST EVENT
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
17/37
EXHIBIT 2EXHIBIT 2 -- FACTORS TO BE ASSESSED INFACTORS TO BE ASSESSED IN
FIRE RISK MANAGEMENTFIRE RISK MANAGEMENT
1. Property Damage1. Property Damage
A. PropertyA. Property
Size, height and shape of area potentially exposed to aSize, height and shape of area potentially exposed to asingle firesingle fire
Construction of roof, walls, and floorsConstruction of roof, walls, and floors Presence of combustible linings to walls, roofs, ceilingsPresence of combustible linings to walls, roofs, ceilings
and partitionsand partitions
Nature, distribution and combustibility of contents (fireNature, distribution and combustibility of contents (fireload)load)
Susceptibility of contents to damage by smoke, heat andSusceptibility of contents to damage by smoke, heat andwaterwater
Concentrations of values within a small areaConcentrations of values within a small area
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
18/37
FACTORS TO BE ASSESSED IN FIREFACTORS TO BE ASSESSED IN FIRE
RISK MANAGEMENTRISK MANAGEMENT
B. HazardB. Hazard
Presence of any normal source of ignitionPresence of any normal source of ignition Use of hazardous processes and substancesUse of hazardous processes and substances
and their degree of separationand their degree of separation
Hazards arising from gas, toxic / corrosiveHazards arising from gas, toxic / corrosivematerials or pollutantsmaterials or pollutants
Risk of explosion from any sourcesRisk of explosion from any sources
Proximity to other buildings or hazardsProximity to other buildings or hazards Any special topographical or geographicalAny special topographical or geographical
featuresfeatures
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
19/37
FACTORS TO BE ASSESSED IN FIREFACTORS TO BE ASSESSED IN FIRE
RISK MANAGEMENTRISK MANAGEMENT
C. ControlC. Control
Standards of management and housekeepingStandards of management and housekeeping Horizontal and vertical separationHorizontal and vertical separation
Fire resisting doorsFire resisting doors
Existence of installation of fire detection,Existence of installation of fire detection,suppression or extinguishing arrangementsuppression or extinguishing arrangementincluding sprinklers and the water supplies,including sprinklers and the water supplies,
Distance to nearest fire station and itsDistance to nearest fire station and itsresponse timeresponse time
Security precautions.Security precautions.
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
20/37
FACTORS TO BE ASSESSED IN FIREFACTORS TO BE ASSESSED IN FIRE
RISK MANAGEMENTRISK MANAGEMENT
2. Business Interruption2. Business Interruption
A. FinancialA. Financial
Nature of businessNature of business
Gross profit forecastGross profit forecast
Allocation of gross profit by business unit and/orAllocation of gross profit by business unit and/orproduct groupproduct group
Susceptibility of the business to loss of market shareSusceptibility of the business to loss of market sharefollowing interruption, and the ability to recover itfollowing interruption, and the ability to recover it
Trend and seasonality of businessTrend and seasonality of business
Buffer stock; inventoryBuffer stock; inventory
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
21/37
FACTORS TO BE ASSESSED IN FIREFACTORS TO BE ASSESSED IN FIRE
RISK MANAGEMENTRISK MANAGEMENT
B. OperationalB. Operational
Size, height and shape of area potentially exposed to aSize, height and shape of area potentially exposed to asingle fire risksingle fire risk
Reconstruction and reinstatement periodReconstruction and reinstatement period
Replacement lead time for critical machinery, plant andReplacement lead time for critical machinery, plant and
toolingstoolings Replacement lead time for raw materials, components,Replacement lead time for raw materials, components,
workwork--inin--progress and finished stockprogress and finished stock
Bottlenecks and critical path of flowBottlenecks and critical path of flow
Duplication / back up of plant production and criticalDuplication / back up of plant production and criticalsparespare
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
22/37
FACTORS TO BE ASSESSED IN FIRE RISKFACTORS TO BE ASSESSED IN FIRE RISK
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
C. DependenciesC. Dependencies
External dependenciesExternal dependencies -- customers, suppliers,customers, suppliers,utilitiesutilities
InterInter--dependencies group; sister company;dependencies group; sister company;supply chainsupply chain
D. RecoveryD. Recovery Assistance available from sister companies,Assistance available from sister companies,
mutual alliancemutual alliance
Business contingency & recovery planBusiness contingency & recovery plan Increased cost of working and saving inIncreased cost of working and saving in
variable costvariable cost
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
23/37
FIRE RISK ASSESSMENTFIRE RISK ASSESSMENT --
Factory LayoutFactory Layout
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
24/37
Costing (Example)Costing (Example)
$16,000,000$12,000,000$1,300,000$2,600,000Finished Goodwarehouse
$5,800,000$1,300,000$2,000,000$2,500,000FinalProcessing
$5,300,000$400,000$1,200,000$3,700,000MainProcessing
$9,300,000$3,100,000$2,000,000$4,200,000PrimaryProcessing
$4,900,000$4,100,000$0.000,000$800,000Raw Materialstore
TotalStockPlant &machinery
Building costDescription
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
25/37
Operation Cost (Example)Operation Cost (Example)
$ 7,000,000Pre-Tax Earning
$20,300,000Fixed Cost
$20,900,000Variable Cost
$50,000,000Turnover Cost
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
26/37
FactoryFactory -- TABLE (1) FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT WITHTABLE (1) FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT WITH
PROBABLE QUANTIFIED EXPOSUREPROBABLE QUANTIFIED EXPOSURE
$4.2mil
$0.5mil
$0.1mil
$2.0mil
$3.1mil
Reconstruction takes 2
months.Interruption due tore-constructionactivities.
Debt servicing.Fire fighting & clean up
expenses.
Replacement of criticalmachines takes upto 18 months.
Disruption of processflow; bottleneck.
Change of technology;obselete, outdatedmodel
Total loss of StockNon-delivery of
customers' orders,penalty
Lost of key customers &market share
Abandoned by suppliers
of high demandsupply
Building $4.2mil
Plant & Machinery$2.0mil
Stock $3.1mil
Property LossFirePrimary
ProcessingBuilding
EXPOSURE(Quantified)
EFFECTIMPACTCLASS OFRISK
TYPE OFRISK
PREMISES ATRISK
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
27/37
FactoryFactory -- TABLE (1) FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT WITHTABLE (1) FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT WITH
PROBABLE QUANTIFIED EXPOSUREPROBABLE QUANTIFIED EXPOSURE
$0.45mil
$0.75mil
Death or Injury toemployee
Lost of skill workers
Workers' Compensation/ sued byemployees
Continued incurringordinary payroll
Straining of labourresources
20 workers /wages$0.45mil p.a.
5 supervisors /salary $0.3milp.a.
PersonalThreats
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
28/37
FactoryFactory -- TABLE (1) FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT WITHTABLE (1) FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT WITH
PROBABLE QUANTIFIED EXPOSUREPROBABLE QUANTIFIED EXPOSURE
$50.0mil
$3.5mil
$23.0mil
-$20.0mil$0.2mil
Takes as long as 12months to resumenormal operation
Potential loss of 50%gross profit over 12months
Continued incurring fixedcost and standingchanges
Saving in variable costIncrease in cost of
working extraexpenses
Inter-dependencies ofgroup companies
Annual turnover$50.0mil
Gross Profit
$7.0mil
Financial Loss
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
29/37
FactoryFactory -- TABLE (1) FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT WITHTABLE (1) FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT WITH
PROBABLE QUANTIFIED EXPOSUREPROBABLE QUANTIFIED EXPOSURE
$4.9mil
$5.3mil
$5.8mil
$16.0mil
Possible spread of fireDamaged by smoke,
heat & water
Prevention of access,disruption of utilitysupplies, electricity,water, gas
Non-delivery, qualityimpairment
inventory shortfall
Adjoining:Raw material store
$4.9mil
Main Processing$5.3milFinal process
$5.8mSurrounding
Finishedgoodwarehouse
$16.0m
SecondaryLoss
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
30/37
FactoryFactory -- TABLE (1) FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT WITHTABLE (1) FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT WITH
PROBABLE QUANTIFIED EXPOSUREPROBABLE QUANTIFIED EXPOSURE
$??$??
Possible spread of firePossible damaged by
smoke, heat &
waterPrevention of accessDisruption of utility
supplies, electricity,water , gas
Death or injury tovisitors, customers,contractors
Damage to property notowned but in care &custody
Adjacent PrintFactory $?
Adjacent
Warehouse$?
Liability Risk
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
31/37
FactoryFactory -- TABLE (1) FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT WITHTABLE (1) FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT WITH
PROBABLE QUANTIFIED EXPOSUREPROBABLE QUANTIFIED EXPOSURE
$??$??$??
Pollution andcontamination ofair, land & water
affecting the livingof neighbouringcommunity
Breach of law,regulations
Bad publicity and lost ofconfidence
Breach of fudiciary duty
of directors &officers
Discharge ofchemical,forced
evacuation
Environ-mental& SocialRisk
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
32/37
FactoryFactory -- TABLE (2) FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT WITHTABLE (2) FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT WITH
FREQUENCY & SEVERITY LEVEL IDENTIFIEDFREQUENCY & SEVERITY LEVEL IDENTIFIED
High
High
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Poor maintenance &check
Rule difficult toenforce
No control overcontractor'sworkers
No hot workprocedure
No program to checkon the reliabilityof safety
devicesNo self extinguishing
deviceNo fuel flow rateNight shift workers
areinexperience
Materials are notproperlylabelled and noMSDS
Recent retrenchmentupset someemployees
Electrical installationcomply withcode
Smoking is prohitedWelding, cutting,
grindingseldomperformedinside
Open flames arefully enclosed
Temperature control/ infraredthermo
detectionFuel supply areautomaticshut-off inemergency
No fuel storage inthe processarea
No such materials /
substancesused
Security check at allentry and exit.
Surveilliancecamera andfoot patrol byguards
24 hours manned
operation
INCEPTION-Electrical fault-Smoking-Hot work
-Process perils-Spontaneouscombustion
-Arson / sabotage
FIRE -Primary
Processing Building
SEVERITYFREQUENCYAGGRAVATINGFACTORS
LIMITINGFACTORS
CAUSESRISK
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
33/37
FactoryFactory -- TABLE (2) FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT WITHTABLE (2) FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT WITH
FREQUENCY & SEVERITY LEVEL IDENTIFIEDFREQUENCY & SEVERITY LEVEL IDENTIFIED
High
Medium
Medium
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
Ceiling covered by fiberglass insulation lining,improper type usedNot easily accessible andno clear signageModerate quantity offlammable liquids usedFlammable liquids not
safely handled or storedNo sprinkler protectionNo fire detection systemNo fire fighting team atnight shiftNo pre-fire planAnnual shut down for 2weeks during New YearWall not extended above
roofOpening / penetration notsealedFire door self closing
jammed and door alwayswedged openNo fire wall or firedivisionNo sprinkler in main
processingNo fire wall or firedivisionNo sprinkler in finalprocessingEmpty wooden palletsstored in betweenNot 24 hours mannedHigh Inventory storage
Walls and roofs areconstructed of steel& concreteAdequate no.of fireextinguishers as perbldg codeAdequate no. of firehosereels as per
bldg codeLimit storage ofcombustiblematerialsGood housekeping24 hours mannedAll employeesunderwent firefighting and safety
trainingThere is a trainedfire fighting teamFire station within5Km and responsetime is 7 minutesFire wall of 225mmthickEntrance to main
processing are clearof storageEntrance to finalprocessing are clearof storageClear distant greaterthan 25mSprinkler provided inthis building
SPREAD-Interior-Fire loading-Raw Material store-Main Processing-Final Processing-Exterior-finished goodwarehouse
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
34/37
FactoryFactory -- TABLE (2) FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT WITHTABLE (2) FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT WITH
FREQUENCY & SEVERITY LEVEL IDENTIFIEDFREQUENCY & SEVERITY LEVEL IDENTIFIED
Low
High
Medium
Medium
Storage of large quantityof flammablematerials
Storage of large quantity
of flammablematerials
Clear distant greaterthan 100m
Clear distant greaterthan 35m
OUTSIDE-Adjacent Warehouse-Adjacent Paint
Factory
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
35/37
RISK MATRIXRISK MATRIX
(High Risk is unacceptable-must be reduced to Medium or Low Risk)
(Ref no.2 MOMs Risk Assessment Guidelines http://www.mom.gov.sg/publish/momportal/en/communities/workplace_safety_and_health/maintaining_a_safe_workplace/occupation_safety/risk_management.html)
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
36/37
FM Global Experience:FM Global Experience: USE SPRINKLER SYSTEMS ALWAYSUSE SPRINKLER SYSTEMS ALWAYS
FOR YOUR PREMISES NO MATTERFOR YOUR PREMISES NO MATTERWHAT KIND OF COMMERCIAL ORWHAT KIND OF COMMERCIAL ORINDUSTRIAL PREMISES YOU HAVE,INDUSTRIAL PREMISES YOU HAVE,
ITITS A GUARANTEE YOU WILLS A GUARANTEE YOU WILLMINIMIZE YOUR LOSS DURING ANYMINIMIZE YOUR LOSS DURING ANYFIRE INCIDENT OR EVENT!FIRE INCIDENT OR EVENT!
Read FMGLOBAL P0037Read FMGLOBAL P0037 (Ref no.3 FM Global(Ref no.3 FM Global NewletterNewletter P0037P0037 --
http://http://www.fmglobal.com/page.aspx?idwww.fmglobal.com/page.aspx?id=03030000=03030000))
8/8/2019 FSMAS Seminar on the Fundamentals of Fire Risk Assessment
37/37
REFERENCESREFERENCES Ref no.1Ref no.1
Ref no.2Ref no.2
Ref no.3Ref no.3Adobe Acrobat
Document